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1、JohnSnowandtheBroadStreetCholeraOutbreakof1854CholerareachedtheBritishIslesintheearly1830s,andoutbreakswouldcontinueforthenextfiftyyears.Today,itiswellknownthatcholera(霍乱)iscausedbythebacteriaVibriacholeraeandisusuallyspreadinpoordrinkingwater.Earlytheoriesblamedtheinfe
2、ctiononmistsand'miasmas',whichledtomanyoftheearlyattemptstocontrolcholerafailing.Inreality,thepoorsanitary(卫生)conditionsofacity'swatersupplywasresponsible.EarlyVictoriancitiesalsoincludedcowsheds(牛舍)mixedinamongstthehouses.Thesecombinedwithpoorhandlingofhumansewage(污水;污
3、秽物)(oftenmerelyaholeintheground)ledtoarapidcontaminationofthedrinkingwater.Indeed,thefamousBroadStreetwaterpumpwasashallowwaterpumpthatpumpedwaterfromthecontaminatedwatertable.Inthe1850s,JohnSnowperformedpioneeringdataanalysistoprovehishypothesisthatcholerawasspreadinth
4、edrinkingwater.ThisanalysisifperformedtodaywouldcomeundertherealmsofGIS(GeographicInformationSystems)andDataMining.SomehaveclaimedhisBroadStreetmapasbeingthefirstexampleofGIS,eventhoughitwasperformedwithapenandpaper.AlthoughthisGISclaimisunlikely,Snow'scholeraworkinthe1
5、850sisoftenlistedasbeingthestartofmodernepidemiology.Unfortunatelywordofthispioneeringepidemiologywasslowtospread,andtheLondoncholeraoutbreakswouldcontinueintothe1880swhenalloftheshallowwater-pumpswerefinallydecommissioned.TheBroadStreetPumpOutbreak,1854Thisisthemostfam
6、ouspieceofdataanalysisperformedbyJohnSnow,andhispromptactionundoubtedlysavedmanylives.TheoutbreakoccurredintheSohoDistrictofLondon,inandaroundBroadStreet.JohnSnowreasonedthatifcholerawasspreadbyamistormiasma,astheprevailingtheoriessuggested,thenthecasesshouldbeuniformly
7、distributedalongthestreets.Toseeifthiswasthecase,heplottedeachcholeracaseonamap,similartotheoneabove.Healsoplottedhouseswithmultiplecases,whichthemodernmapabovedoesnotshow.Ascanbeseen,thecasesarenotuniformlydistributed,butinsteadaredistributedinatightclusteraroundawater
8、pumplocatedonBroadStreet(nowBroadwickStreet).Snowwenttothepumpandtookawatersample.Lookinginhismicroscope,hefou
