国际贸易中的企业【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文FirmsinInternationalTradeMaterialSource:www.nber.orgAuthor:AndrewB.BernardFormostofitslengthyhistorythefieldofinternationaltradelargelyignoredtheroleofthefirminmediatingtheflowofgoodsandservices.Traditionaltradetheoryexplainedtheflowofgoodsbetweencountriesintermsofcomparativeadvantage,tha

2、tis,variationintheopportunitycostsofproductionacrosscountriesandindustries.EventheresearchfocusingondifferentiatedvarietiesandincreasingreturnstoscalethatfollowedHelpmanandKrugmancontinuedtoretainthecharacterizationoftherepresentativefirm.?However,theassumptionofarepresentativefirm,whilegreatly

3、enhancingthetractabilityofgeneralequilibriumanalysis,isemphaticallyrejectedinthedata.Myresearchoverthepastdecadehasbeenanattempttoexploreinternationaltradefrombelow:tounderstandthedecisionsofheterogeneousfirmsinshapinginternationaltradeandtheireffectsonproductivitygrowthandwelfare.FirmHeterogen

4、eityandTradeMyearlyworkwithJ.BradfordJensenwasmotivatedbyasimplequestion:whatdoweknowaboutfirmsthattrade?Theansweratthetimewas"verylittle"andourinitialeffortsfocusedonlocatingfirm-leveldataanddescribingtheworldofexportingfirms.Ourfirststudycomparedexportersandnon-exportersfortheentireU.S.manufa

5、cturingsectorandestablishedasetoffactsaboutexportingplantsandfirms.?Twomajorresultsstandout.First,onlyasmallfractionoffirmsareexportersatanygiventime.EveninsectorswheretheUnitedStatesisthoughttohavecomparativeadvantage,suchasInstruments,amajorityoffirmsproduceonlyforthedomesticmarket.Similarly,

6、somefirmsareexportingeveninnetimportsectorssuchasTextilesandApparel.Second,exportersaresubstantiallyandsignificantlydifferentthannon-exporters,eveninthesameindustryandregion.Exportersaredramaticallylarger,moreproductive,payhigherwages,usemoreskilledworkers,andaremoretechnology-andcapital-intens

7、ivethantheirnon-exportingcounterparts.InrelatedworkonGermanfirmswithJoachimWagner,Iagainfoundthesepatternsofsystematicdifferencesbetweenexportersandnon-exportersandsubsequentresearchbynumerousauthorshasconfirmedthemtoberobustacros