国际贸易理论【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文internationaltradetheoryMaterialSource:BostoncollegeAuthor:JamesE.AndersonAdamSmith(1776)heldthatacountrycouldgainfromfreetrade.Hepointedoutthatifonecountryhasanabsoluteadvantageovertheotherinoneproductionandtheothercountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoverthefirstinanotherproduction,bothcountr

2、iesgainfromtrading.ButSmithfailedtocreateaconvincingeconomictheoryofinternationaltrade.ItisgenerallyagreedthatDavidRicardoisthecreatoroftheclassicaltheoryofinternationaltrade.Thetheoriesofcomparativeadvantageandthegainsfromtradeareusuallyconnectedwithhisname,eventhoughmanyconcreteideasabouttr

3、adeexistedbeforehisPrinciples(Ricardo,1817).Inthistheorythecrucialvariableusedtoexplaininternationaltradepatternsistechnology.Thetheoryholdsthatadifferenceincomparativecostsofproductionisthenecessaryconditionfortheexistenceofinternationaltrade.Butthisdifferencereflectsadifferenceintechniqueso

4、fproduction.Accordingtothistheory,technologicaldifferencesbetweencountriesdetermineinternationaldivisionoflaborandconsumptionandtradepatterns.Itholdsthattradeisbeneficialtoallparticipatingcountries.TheRicardiantheoryfailedtodeterminethetermsoftrade,eventhoughitcanbeusedtodeterminethelimitsinw

5、hichthetermsoftrademustlie.Itwasrecognizedlongagothatinordertodeterminethetermsoftrade,itisnecessarytobuildtradetheorywhichnotonlytakesaccountoftheproductivesidebutalsothedemandside.Theneoclassicaltheoryholdsthatthedeterminantsoftradepatternsaretobefoundsimultaneouslyinthedifferencesbetweenth

6、etechnologies,thefactorendowments,andthetastesofdifferentcountries.Preferenceaccountsfortheexistenceofinternationaltradeeveniftechnologiesandfactorendowmentswerecompletelyidenticalbetweencountries.TheMarshallianoffercurvehasbeenoftenusedtoanalyzeproblemssuchastheexistenceofequilibrium,thestab

7、ilityofequilibrium,thegainsfromtrade,andoptimumtariffsandsoonwithinstaticframeworks.Millintroducedtheequationofinternationaldemand,accordingtowhichthetermsoftradearedeterminedsoastoequatethevalueofexportsandthevalueofimports.Heargued:“theexpo