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1、（2011届）本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译INTERNATIONALINVESTMENTANDINTERNATIONALTRADEINTHEPRODUCTCYCLE*RAYMONDVERNONLocationofnewproducts,191.-Thematuringproduct,1996.-Thestandardizedproduct,202.Anyonewhohassoughttounderstandtheshiftsininternationaltradeandinternationalinvestmentoverthepasttwentyyearshaschaf
2、edfromtimetotimeunderanacutesenseoftheinadequacyoftheavailableanalyticaltools.Whilethecomparativecostcon-ceptandotherbasicconceptshaverarelyfailedtoprovidehelp,theyhaveusuallycarriedtheanalystonlyaverylittletowardadequateunderstanding.Forthemostpart,ithasnecessarytoformulatenewconceptsino
3、rdertoexploreissuesasthestrengthsandlimitationsofimportsubstitutiondevelopmentprocess,theimplicationsofcommonmarketmentsfortradeandinvestment,theunderlyingreasonsLeontiefparadox,andothercriticalissuesoftheday.Astheoristshavegropedforsomebeenafloweringininternationaltrademoreefficienttools
4、andcapitaltheory.TherehasButtheveryproliferationoftheoryhasincreasedtheurgencyofthesearchforuningconcepts.Itisdoubtfulthatweshallfindositionsthatcanmatchtheapplicationofthetheoryofmanyprop-simplicity,power,anduniversalityofcomparativeadvantageandtheinter-nationalequilibratingmechanism;but
5、unlessthesearchforbettertoolsgoeson,theusefulnessofeconomictheoryforthesolutionofproblemsininternationaltradeandcapitalmovementswillprobablydecline.Thepresentpaperdealswithonepromisinglineofgeneralizationandsynthesiswhichseemstometohavebeensomewhatneglectedbythemainstreamoftradetheory.Itp
6、utslessemphasisuponcomparativecostdoctrineandmoreuponthetimingofinnovation,theeffectsofscaleeconomies,andtherolesofignoranceanduncertaintyininfluencingtradepatterns.Itisanapproachwithrespectablesponsorship,derivingbitsandpiecesofitsinspirationfromthewritingsofsuchpersonsasWilliams,Kindleb
7、erger,MacDougall,Hoffmeyer.Emphasesofthissortseemfirsttohaveappearedwheneconomistsweresearchingforanexplanationofwhatlookedlikeapersistent,structuralshortageofdollarsintheworld.Whentheshortageprovedephemeralinthelate1950s,manyoftheideaswhichtheshortagehadstimulatedw
