资源描述：
《产品周期中的国际投资和国际贸易【外文翻译】》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、外文翻译原文InternationalInvestmentandInternationalTradeintheProductCycleMaterialSource:TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomics,Vol.80,No.2(may,1966)Author:RaymondVernonAsthedemandforaproductexpands,acertaindegreeofstandardizationusuallytakesplace..Thisisnottosaythateffo
2、rtsatproductdifferentiation-cometoanend.Onthecontrary;sucheffortsmayevenintensify,ascompetitorstrytoavoidthefullbruntofpricecompetition.Moreover,varietymayappearasaresultofspecialization.Radios,forinstance,ultimatelyacquiredsuchspecializedformsasclockradio
3、s,automobileradios,portableradios,andsoon.Nevertheless,thoughthesubcategoriesmaymultiplyandtheeffortsatproductdifferentiationincrease,agrowingacceptanceofcertaingeneralstandardsseemstobetypical.Onceagain,thechangehaslavationalimplications.Firstofall,thenee
4、dforflexibilitydeclines.Acommitmenttosomesetofproductstandardsopensuptechnicalpossibilitiesforachievingeconomiesofscalethroughmassoutput,andencourageslong-termcommitmentstosomegivenprocessandsomefixedsetoffacilities.Second,concernaboutproductioncostbeginst
5、otaketheplaceofconcernaboutproductcharacteristics.Evenifincreasedpricecompetitionisnotyetpresent,thereductionoftheuncertaintiessurroundingtheoperationenhancestheusefulnessofcostprojectionsandincreasestheattentiondevotedtocost.TheempiricalstudiestowhichIref
6、erredearliersuggestthat,atthisstageinanindustry'sdevelopment,thereislikelytobeconsiderableshiftinthelocationofproductionfacilitiesatleastasfarasinternalUnitedStateslocationsareconcerned.Theempiricalmaterialsoninternationallavationalshiftssimplyhavenotyetbe
7、enanalyzedsufficientlytotellusverymuch.Alittlespeculation,however,indicatessomehypothesesworthtesting.Pictureanindustryengagedinthemanufactureofthehighincomeorlabor-savingproductsthatarethefocusofourdiscussion.Assumethattheindustryhasbeguntosettledowninthe
8、UnitedStatestosomedegreeoflarge-scaleproduction.AlthoughthefirstmassmarketmaybelocatedintheUnitedStates,somedemandfortheproductbeginsalmostatoncetoappearelsewhere.Forinstance,althoughheavyfork-lifttrucksingen
