Argumentation

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1、ArgumentationNatureofargumentativeessayExposition:informArgumentation:convincestepsofPersuasionTopresentanopiniontothereader.Toexplain,clarify,andillustratethatopinion.Topersuadethereaderthatyouropinionisvalid.tomovethereadertoaction;toconvincethereaderthattheopinioniscorrectortoper

2、suadethereaderthatyouropinionisatleastworthconsidering.Howtowriteanargumentation:Argumentation≠QuarrelAdebatablepointSufficientevidenceThelogicalappealTheemotionalappealOutlineofapropositionargumentFallaciesinargumentativewritingAdebatablepointthefollowingarenotgoodthesisstatements.

3、MerestatementsoffactsStatementsofpersonaltasteViewpointsthatcanbereadilyverifiedSufficientevidenceExamples:concrete,illustrative,representativeFacts:readilyaccepted,bebasedonpersonalobservationStatistics:avoidpresentingalonglistoffiguresAuthorities:thosewhoareexperiencedandknowledge

4、ableincertainfieldsThelogicalappealFromtheleastimportanttothemostimportantFromthemostfamiliartotheleastfamiliarFromtheeasiestforthereadertoacceptorcomprehendtothemostdifficultThelogicalappealInductiveReasoningDeductiveReasoningInductiveReasoningWhenyouuseinduction,youstartwithfactsa

5、ndproceedfromfactstoageneralconclusion.Inotherwords,youmovefromspecificexamplestoageneralstatement.DeductiveReasoningTheprocessisjusttheoppositeofinductivereasoning–itmovesfromageneralstatementtoaspecificconclusion.Itworksonthemodelofsyllogism([逻]三段论法,推论法,演绎)–athree-partargumentinwh

6、ichtherearetwostatements,knownasthemajorpremiseandtheminorpremise,andaconclusion.Allhumanbeingsmakemistakes.Xisahumanbeing.Therefore,Xmakesmistakes.TheemotionalappealAneffectiveemotionalappealcanbemadeinfourcommonways:Showingempathy:=>Identifywiththereader’sfeelingsandexpressrealint

7、erestintheirinterest.[Note]empathy:Identificationwithandunderstandingofanother'ssituation,feelings,andmotives.TheemotionalappealShowingrespectforviewsotherthanyours:=>Thepurposeistowinreaderstoyourside.Byshowingrespectforthemeritintheirposition,youaredecreasingreaders’resistancetoyo

8、urownposition.Besid