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1、BASICARGUMENTATIONAlfredSnider,UniversityofVermontWorldSchoolsDebateAcademy,Slovenia,2015Induction,deduction,causation,fallaciesINDUCTIONDefinition:studyingasufficientnumberofanalogousfactualexamples,findingacommoncharacteristic,andnamingitasagenerallawortruth.Lookingatexamplestoconstructag
2、eneralization.Fromthespecifictothegeneral.Usefulinprovingpropositionsofpastorpresentfactorvalue.Historicaltrends.Publicopinionpolls.Socialscienceresearch.Whetheracurrentorpastpolicyisworking.Weacceptmanygeneralizationseventhoughtheymaynotalwaysbetrue.TheRomanempireended,theMongolempireended
3、,thePersianempireended,theBritishempireended,allempiresend,andnonelastsforever.CHARACTERISTICSOFINDUCTION•Examplesmustbefactual.•Examplesmustbeanalogous–sametype,speciesorcategory.•Sufficientnumberoffactualexamples.•Conclusionisageneralization•Featuresan“inductiveleap.”•Mayusefactorstatisti
4、caltermsandmethods.USEOFINDUCTION•Inductionandthesamplingprocess,notacompletecounting.•Publicopinionpolls–controlled,uncontrolled,rangeoferror.•Casestudymethod–lotofknowledgefromoneexample,canaddtoit.•Experimentalstudy–numberofexamplescanbereducedbyusingacontrolgroup.Criticalthinkingexample
5、.•Empiricalmethod–objective,trainedobserver-reportingobservations.•Inductionanduniversallaws–manythingsdonotneedtobeprovenseparatelybutareaccepted–rainmakesyouwet,allhumansdie,fallingobjectscanhurtus,etc.•Inductionisthewayinwhichwelearnmostthingsearlyinlife.LINESOFARGUMENTONINDUCTION•Arethe
6、factstrue?•Aretheexamplesisolatedoruniversal–NewOrleansvs.manycitiesonorganizedcrime.•Doexamplescoveraproperperiodoftime–manytimes,now,longperiodoftime.•Aretheexamplestypicaloratypical?•Aretheresignificantnegativeinstances?•Istheconclusionproperlystated?•Sowhat?Truthofanargumentdoesnotmakei
7、tsignificant.DEDUCTIONIsusefulfor:•Determiningfuturepossibilities•Propositionsconditionedby“if”•ChoicebetweenalternativesDefined:•Deductivereasoningisthatformofreasoninginwhichaconclusionisdrawnfrompremises.•Thatwhichisprovenisalwaystheconclusion.Thesyll
