argumentation

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1、Lecture10WritingArgumentationI.Atypicalargumentationconsistsofthreeparts:anintroduction;abodyandaconclusion.Introduction–identifytheissuestobediscussedandexplainstheimportanceofsuchadiscussion.Body–presenttheevidence.Conclusion–reaffirmtheproposition,i

2、fstatedatthebeginning.II.Pointstorememberaboutargumentation1)Apersuasivetopicmustbedebatable–Merestatementoffacts.–Statementsofpersonaltasteorpreference–Viewpointsthataregenerallyacceptedorcanbeeasilyverified2)Sufficientevidenceincludes:–commonknowledg

3、e.–specificexamples.–Hardevidenceorfacts,notopinions,unlessopinionsareexpertandauthoritative.–Statistics.–Quotationsfromauthorities3)Goodlogic–Organizingyourpointsfromtheleasttothemostcompellingcanbeeffectivebecausethepotencyofyourargumentsgraduallybui

4、lds.–Beginningwithyoursecond-strongestpointandthenbuildfromyourleasttomostcompellingreasons.Thisarrangementallowsyoutobeginandendpowerfully.III.Problemstobeavoided–Donotengageinname-calling.–Donotmakeillogicalcomparison.–Donotassumethatwhatistrueforone

5、personwillbetrueforeverybody.–Donotover-generalize–Avoidoveruseofsuchwordsandphrasesas:perhaps,maybe,sometimes,mostoften,nearlyalways,Ithink,inmyopinion,youshouldetc.whichinvariablyweakentheforceofyourargument.IV.4waystowriteanintroduction1）Bystatistic

6、s/facts：Each60seconds3peoplearekilledbyhandguns.Handgunshootingshavetakenthelivesofdoctors,lawyers,politiciansandevennuns.Morepeoplediebyhandgunshootingsthanbycancer.Theremustbestricterhandgunlawenforcement.2)Byshowingtheimportanceoftopic：TheConstituti

7、onguaranteesit.ThecolonistswereprotectedbyitandmoderndayAmericansinsistonit.TherighttobeararmsmeansAmericansshouldbeabletopurchasegunsfortheirprotectionandfortheirsport.3） Byaskingquestions:Isyourhusbandusinghiscomputertocheatonyou?Areyourkidsfantasizi

8、ngaboutsexontheinternet?Doyouknowwhereyourkidsandspouseare?Iftheyareinfrontofthecomputer,youmighthavereasontoworry.Thereareseveralreasonswhythecomputerisnot“man’sbestfriend.”4）ByZigzag( 曲折的接法)：NewYorkCityhasaninternationalreputationforb