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1、ORGANIZATION&ENVIRONMENT/December2000Foster,Burkett/ORGANICANDINORGANICRELATIONSTHEDIALECTICOFORGANIC/INORGANICRELATIONSMarxandtheHegelianPhilosophyofNatureJOHNBELLAMYFOSTERUniversityofOregonPAULBURKETTIndianaStateUniversity,TerreHauteEcologicalthinkershavesuggestedthatinapplyingan“organic/inorgan
2、ic”distinctiontohumanity-nature,Marxembracedadualisticandantagonisticconceptionofthehuman-naturerelationship.TheauthorsconfrontthisviewbyconsideringhowMarx’svari-ousapplicationsoftheconceptsorganicandinorganicwereshapednotonlybystandardsci-entificusagebutalsobyMarx’sengagementwithHegel’snaturalphi
3、losophyandthehistor-icalstrugglebetweenmaterialismandteleology.TheyfindthatMarx’susagewasbasedonanexplicitdisavowalofallmechanisticanddualisticviewsofthehuman-naturerelation-ship.InMarx’smatureworks,allfixedoppositionsbetweenorganicandinorganicgavewaytoafullydialecticalunderstandingofecologicalpro
4、cesses.Marx’sgrowingconcernwiththe“metabolicrift”betweenhumanityandnaturegeneratedbycapitalistproductionledhimtolinkthequestionofcommunismwiththatofecologicalsustainability.Theiranalysisthusshedslightontheoppositionbetweenidealistandmaterialistvisionsofecology.artesiandualismgavetoWesternthoughtan
5、enduringsplitbetweenCscienceandphilosophy,betweenthephysical-mechanicalrealmofsci-ence,ononehand,andthemetaphysicalrealmofpurereasonontheother.Ecologi-calanalysis,likemostothermodesofthought,stillinmanywaysreflectsthissplittoday.Thus,itcanbeseenasbeingdividedinto(a)ascienceofecology,whichdealsprim
6、arilywiththerelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironments(includ-ingotherorganismsaswellas“inorganicnature”),and(b)aphilosophyormeta-physicsofecology,whichattemptstodrawonthenotionsofinterdependenceandholismandtoapplythemtoallofexistence,whilealsoattributingtothemanethicalcontent(Brennan,1988;H
7、ughes,2000).Thephilosophicalapproachestoecologymostcommonlypropoundedtoday,suchasdeepecology,naturallyclaimtobeinspiredbyrecentdevelopmentsinsciencethatpointtotheneedforgreaterholism.Butbythesametoken,philosophic
