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1、Marx’sCritiqueofHeavenandCritiqueofEarthJOHNBELLAMYFOSTER,BRETTCLARK,ANDRICHARDYORKInrecentyearstheintelligentdesignmovement,orcreationisminamoresubtleguise,hasexpandedtheattackontheteachingofevolutioninU.S.publicschools,whilepromotinganambitious“Wedgestrategy”aimedattransformingbothscienceandcul
2、turethroughoutsociety.AsexplainedinourbookCritiqueofIntelligentDesign:MaterialismversusCreationismfromAntiquitytothePresent(MonthlyReviewPress,2008),thishasreigniteda2,500-yeardebatebetweenmate-rialismandcreationism,scienceanddesign.Theargumentfromdesign(theattempttodiscernevidenceofdesigninnatur
3、e,therebytheexistenceofaDesigner)canbedatedbacktoSocratesinthefifthcenturyBCE.Whiletheopposingmaterialistview(thattheworldisexplainedintermsofitself,byreferencetomaterialconditions,naturallaws,andcontingent,emergentphenomena,andnotbytheinvocationofthesupernatural)towhichSocrateswasrespondingalsod
4、atesbacktothefifthcenturyBCEinthewritingsoftheatomistsLeucippusandDemocritus.Thelatterperspectivewasdevelopedphilosophicallyintoafull-fledgedcritiqueofdesignbyEpicurusinthethirdcenturyBCE,whichlaterinfluencedthescientificrevolutionoftheseventeenthcentury.Today’sintelligentdesignproponentslikeWill
5、iamDembski,seniorfellowoftheSeattle-basedDiscoveryInstitute’sCenterforScienceandCulture,continuallyaffirmthatthephilosophicalfoundationsofthematerialistviewstheyopposecanbetracedbacktoEpicurusinantiquity(“allroads,”Dembskiobserves,echoingEpicurus’sfirstcenturyBCERomanfollowerLucretius,“leadtoEpic
6、urusandthetrainofthoughthesetinmotion”).However,thethreegreatestmaterialistenemiesofdesigninmoderntimesaresaidtobeDarwin,Marx,andFreud.ItwasDarwinwhoinacritiquefirstusedtheterm“intelligentdesign”initsmodernsense,whileMarxandFreudbothdevelopedmaterialistcritiquesofreligionanddesign.Inattackingevol
7、utionandmaterialism,proponentsofintelligentdesignemphasizethattheworldistoospecifiedandirreduciblycomplextohavebeentheproductof“purechance.”Incontrast,materialist-dialecticalthinkersfromantiquitytothepresenthaveJohnBel
