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1、Phonetics(sound)语音学；phonology(sounds)音系学；morphology(word)形态学；syntax(words,sentence)句法学；semantics(meaning)语义学；pragmatics(meaninginacontext)语用学1.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive(modern).Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydown
2、rulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.2.Synchronicstaticstategrammer;diachronicdynamichistoricaldevelopment3.Langue(language):theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechco
3、mmunity,stable.;Parole(speaking):therealizationoflangueinactualuse,concrete,specific,changeable.Whatalinguistoughttodo,accordingtoSaussure,istoabstractlanguefrominstancesofparole.sociologicalorsociolinguisticpointofview4.AmericanlinguistN.ChomskyCompetence:theidealuser’sknowledg
4、eoftherulesofhislanguage,stable,prerequisite;Performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations,changeable.psychologicallyorpsycholinguistically.5.Traditionalgrammar----prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframeworkModernlinguistics-----descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-base
5、dframework6.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.DesignFeaturesofLanguage.1:Arbitrariness2:duality:Thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:meaningfulunits(e.g.wordsinwrittenlanguage)andmeaninglesssegments(e.g.sounds,lettersinspokenla
6、nguage).1.Combinemeaninglesssoundsintomeaningfullinguisticunits2.Combinesmallunitsintobigunits3.productivity/creativity:Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.4.Displacement:whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommuni
7、cation.5.culturaltransmission7.SixFunctionsoflanguage:Addresser---Emotivetheaddresserexpressedhisattitudetothetopicorsituationofcommunication;Addressee---Conative使动xxaimstoinfluencetheaddressee’scourseofactionorwaysofthinking；Context---referentia所指,xxconveysamessageorinformation
8、l;Message---Poeticxxuseslanguageforthesolepurpo
