英语专业 语言学 复习资料

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1、1.1Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness任意性:Thepropertyoflanguagebywhichthereisingeneralnonatural(i.e.logical)relationbetweentheformofasinglelexicalunitanditsmeaning.②Duality二重性Languagecons

2、istsoftwolevelsofstructures.Thelower(secondary)levelisadefinitesetofmeaninglesssounds,whichcombinetoformmeaningfulunitswhichconstituteahigher(primary)level.③Creativity创造性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatitsuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.④Displa

3、cement移位性Bydisplacementismeantthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.1.3Functionsoflanguage①Informative信息功能Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtoexpressthespeaker’sopinion,tostateafact,ortoreasonthingsout.②

4、Interpersonalfunction人际功能Languageservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.③Performative行事功能Languagecanbeusedtodothings,toperformaction.e.g.“Isurrender.”“I’lldoittonight.”“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”“Isentenceyoutothreeyearsinprison.”④Emotivefunction感情功能Theuseof

5、languagetorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.e.g.“Ouch!”,“I’mterriblysorryabout…”(alternativelycalledexpressivefunction)⑤Phaticcommunion寒暄交谈Theuseoflanguagetoestablishormaintainacomfortablesocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.E.g.greetings,fare

6、wells,andtalkingabouttheweather.⑥Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit.E.g.singing,poetrywriting.⑦Metalingualfunction元语言功能Theuseoflanguagetomakestatementsaboutlanguageitself.Thelanguageaboutwhichtheyaremadeiscalledtheobjectlanguage.1.4Whatislinguis

7、tics?Thescientificstudyoflanguage.1.5Microlinguistics①Phonetics语音学Thestudyofthenature,production,andperceptionofsoundsofspeech,inabstractionfromthephonologyofanyspecificlanguage.Variouslydividedintoacousticphonetics,articulatoryphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.②Phonology音系学Th

8、estudyofthesoundsystemsofindividuallanguagesandofthenatureofsuchsystemsgenerally.③