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1、Chapter11．Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.Designfeaturesoflanguage？a)Arbitrariness:Itreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.b)Duality:thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstr
2、uctures.Suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganizationc)Productivity/creativity:Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.Languagehasitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences
3、.d)Displacement:Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.3.Functionsoflanguage1)Informative:Thespeakersuselanguagetotalkabouttheirthoughts,ideas,beliefsorwhattheybelieve,theyse
4、e,theyhear.e.g.Waterboilsat212degreeFahrenheit.2)Interpersonalfunction:peopleuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinsociety.e.g.Itincludesformsofaddress,speechfunction,modality,etc.3)Performative:Languageisusedto“dothings”,toperformactions.4)Emotivefuncti
5、on:Itiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.5)Phaticcommunion:Thespeakerwilluseseeminglymeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.6)Recreationalfunction:Thelan
6、guageisusedforthesheerjoy.7)Metalingualfunction:Languagecanbeusedtotalkaboutlanguage.Languageisself-reflexive.E.g.paraphrase:(orderchange,similarexpressions)definition:(/a:/isavoweland/b/isaconsonant.)4. Mainbranchesoflinguistics1)Phonetics----speechsoundsItstud
7、iesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatis,howthespeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thesoundsofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,etc.2)Phonology---phonemeItstudiestherulesgoverningofthestructure,distributionandsequen
8、cingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Simplyputit,itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.3)Morphology---morphemeItisconcernedwiththe
