英语专业 语言学 复习资料

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1、1.1Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness任意性:Thepropertyoflanguagebywhichthereisingeneralnonatural(i.e.logical)relationbetweentheformofasinglelexicalunitanditsmeaning.②Duality二重性Languageconsistsoftwolevelsofst

2、ructures.Thelower(secondary)levelisadefinitesetofmeaninglesssounds,whichcombinetoformmeaningfulunitswhichconstituteahigher(primary)level.③Creativity创造性Languageiscreativeinthesensethatitsuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.④Displacement移位性Bydisplacementismeantthatlang

3、uagecanbeusedtorefertothingsthatarenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.1.3Functionsoflanguage①Informative信息功能Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtoexpressthespeaker’sopinion,tostateafact,ortoreasonthingsout.②Interpersonalfunction人际功能Languageservestoestablishandmain

4、tainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.③Performative行事功能Languagecanbeusedtodothings,toperformaction.e.g.“Isurrender.”“I’lldoittonight.”“Ideclarethemeetingopen.”“Isentenceyoutothreeyearsinprison.”④Emotivefunction感情功能Theuseoflanguagetorevealthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.e.g.“Ouch!”,“I’mterribly

5、sorryabout…”(alternativelycalledexpressivefunction)⑤Phaticcommunion寒暄交谈Theuseoflanguagetoestablishormaintainacomfortablesocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.E.g.greetings,farewells,andtalkingabouttheweather.⑥Recreationalfunction娱乐功能Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingi

6、t.E.g.singing,poetrywriting.⑦Metalingualfunction元语言功能Theuseoflanguagetomakestatementsaboutlanguageitself.Thelanguageaboutwhichtheyaremadeiscalledtheobjectlanguage.1.4Whatislinguistics?Thescientificstudyoflanguage.1.5Microlinguistics①Phonetics语音学Thestudyofthenature,production,andperceptionofso

7、undsofspeech,inabstractionfromthephonologyofanyspecificlanguage.Variouslydividedintoacousticphonetics,articulatoryphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.②Phonology音系学Thestudyofthesoundsystemsofindividuallanguagesandofthenatureofsuchsystemsgenerally.③