英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

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1、英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性:Saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.Akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind.2.Langue语言:Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallme

2、mbersofaspeechcommunity.3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancommunication.4.Arbitrariness任意性:Onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位:Phonologyisconcerned

3、withthespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.2.Allophone音位变体:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.3.Minimalpair最小对立体:Whentwodifferen

4、tformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.第三课1.Morphology形态学:Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2.Derivationalmorphemes派生词素:So

5、memorphemeswhichchangethecategoryorgrammaticalclassofwordsarecalled…3.Inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素:Someboundmorphemeswhichareforthemostpartpurelygrammaticalmarkersandsignifysuchconceptsastense,number,caseandsoon.第四课1.Syntax语法句法:Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombined

6、toformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Syntacticcategories句法范畴:Wordscanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategories.3.Deepstructure深层结构:FormedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeep

7、structureorD-structure.4.Surfacestructure表层结构:Correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledSurfacestructureorS-structure.第五课1.Reference指称:Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerel

8、ationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.2