11 The Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolic Disease

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1、nutrientsReviewTheIntestinalMicrobiotainMetabolicDiseaseAnniWoting*andMichaelBlautDepartmentofGastrointestinalMicrobiology,GermanInstituteofHumanNutritionPotsdam-Rehbruecke,Arthur-Scheunert-Allee114-116,14558Nuthetal,Germany;blaut@dife.de*Correspondence:anni.woting@dife.de;Tel.:+49-33200

2、-882464;Fax:+49-33200-882407Received:4December2015;Accepted:29March2016;Published:6April2016Abstract:Gutbacteriaexertbeneficialandharmfuleffectsinmetabolicdiseasesasdeducedfromthecomparisonofgermfreeandconventionalmiceandfromfecaltransplantationstudies.Compositionalmicrobialchangesindisea

3、sedsubjectshavebeenlinkedtoadiposity,type2diabetesanddyslipidemia.Promotionofanincreasedexpressionofintestinalnutrienttransportersoramodifiedlipidandbileacidmetabolismbytheintestinalmicrobiotacouldresultinanincreasednutrientabsorptionbythehost.Thedegradationofdietaryfiberandthesubsequentfe

4、rmentationofmonosaccharidestoshort-chainfattyacids(SCFA)isoneofthemostcontroversiallydiscussedmechanismsofhowgutbacteriaimpacthostphysiology.Fibersreducetheenergydensityofthediet,andtheresultingSCFApromoteintestinalgluconeogenesis,incretinformationandsubsequentlysatiety.However,SCFAalsod

5、eliverenergytothehostandsupportliponeogenesis.Thusfar,thereislittleknowledgeonbacterialspeciesthatpromoteorpreventmetabolicdisease.ClostridiumramosumandEnterococcuscloacaeweredemonstratedtopromoteobesityingnotobioticmousemodels,whereasbifidobacteriaandAkkermansiamuciniphilawereassociatedw

6、ithfavorablephenotypesinconventionalmice,especiallywhenoligofructosewasfed.Howdietmodulatesthegutmicrobiotatowardsabeneficialorharmfulcompositionneedsfurtherresearch.Gnotobioticanimalsareavaluabletooltoelucidatemechanismsunderlyingdiet–host–microbeinteractions.Keywords:intestinalmicrobiot

7、a;obesity;diabetes;metabolicsyndrome;energyharvest;diet;absorption;bileacids;low-gradeinflammation;SCFA1.IntroductionRecentyearshaveseenasurgeinpublicationsreportingcorrelationsbetweenthegutmicrobiotaandvariousmedicalconditionssuchasinflammatoryboweldisease,colorectalcancer