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1、SupplementArticlePotentialroleoftheintestinalmicrobiotainprogramminghealthanddiseaseOlivierGouletThecompositionofthemicrobiotavariesaccordingtoprenatalevents,deliverymethods,infantfeeding,infantcareenvironment,andantibioticuse.Postnatalgutfunctionandimmunedevelopmentarelargelyinfluencedbytheinte
2、stinalmicrobiota.Emergingevidencehasshownthatearlymicrobiotacolonizationmayinfluencetheoccurrenceoflaterdiseases(microbialprogramming).Thevastmajorityofmicrobialspecies(commensals)giverisetosymbiotichost–bacterialinteractionsthatarefundamentalforhumanhealth.However,changesinthecompositionofthegu
3、tmicrobiota(dysbiosis)maybeassociatedwithseveralclini-calconditions,includingobesityandmetabolicdiseases,autoimmunediseasesandallergy,acuteandchronicintestinalinflammation,irritablebowelsyndrome(IBS),allergicgastroenteritis(e.g.,eosinophilicgastroenteritisandallergicIBS),andnecrotizingenterocoli
4、tis.Basedonrecentadvances,modulationofgutmicrobiotawithprobiotics,prebiotics,orfermenteddairyproductshasbeensuggestedasatreatmentof,orpreventionfor,differentdisorderssuchasIBS,infectiousdiarrhea,allergicdisease,andnecrotizingenterocolitis.INTRODUCTIONcollectivegenomesofthemicrobes,whicharecom-po
5、sedofbacteria,bacteriophages,fungi,protozoa,andThemicrobialcommunitieshostedbythehumangutvirusesthatliveinsideandonthehumanbody.Thecompriseanew,fascinating,andpromisingareaforun-microbiotaisnowconsideredahumanorgan,withitsderstandingthedevelopmentofgutfunctionsandsomeownfunctions,i.e.,modulating
6、expressionofgenesin-healthdisordersanddiseases,aswellastheirtreatmentvolvedinmucosalbarrierfortification,angiogenesis,3,4andprevention.Themicrobialcommunities,previouslyandpostnatalintestinalmaturation.Theintestinalcalledthe“intestinalmicroflora,”arecomposedofap-microbiotaisinvolvedinnormaldiges
7、tionandaffects14proximately10bacteria,whichrepresentapproxi-energyharvestfromthedietandenergystorageinthemately10timesthenumberofcellsinthehumanhost,fermentingunavailableenergysubstratessuchas1,23,4body.Thesebacterialcommuni
