At the root of embodied cognition

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1、BrainandCognition56(2004)100–106www.elsevier.com/locate/b&cAttherootofembodiedcognition:CognitivesciencemeetsneurophysiologyFrancescaGarbarini,MauroAdenzato*DepartmentofPsychology,CenterforCognitiveScience,UniversityofTurin,viaPo,14-10123Turin,ItalyAccepted18June2004Availabl

2、eonline3August2004AbstractRecentexperimentalresearchinthefieldofneurophysiologyhasledtothediscoveryoftwoclassesofvisuomotorneurons:ca-nonicalneuronsandmirrorneurons.Inlightofthesestudies,weproposehereanoverviewoftwoclassicalthemesinthecognitivesciencepanorama:JamesGibsonÕsthe

3、oryofaffordancesandEleanorRoschÕsprinciplesofcategorization.Wediscusshowtheoret-icalperspectivesandneuroscientificevidenceareconvergingtowardsthecurrentparadigmofembodiedcognition.Fromthisper-spective,wediscusstheroleofactionandsimulationincognitiveprocesses,whichleadtotheperc

4、eptualrecognitionofobjects,andactionsandtotheirconceptualcategorization.Ó2004ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Embodiedcognition;Canonicalneurons;Mirrorneurons;Perception;Action;Categorization;Simulation1.Perception,action,andsimulationturing,fighting,plying,cooperating,

5、andcommunicat-ing’’(p.128).Gibsonmaintainedthataffordancesare1.1.FromGibsonÕstheoryofaffordancestotheparadigmintrinsicallypartofobjectsthemselvesandarenotcon-ofembodiedcognitionstructedfromanobserverÕsneedsorintentions.Theval-ueandmeaningsofthingsintheenvironmentcanbeTheconcep

6、tofaffordanceplaysacentralroleinthedirectlyperceived:‘‘Theobservermayormaynotper-ecologicalperspective,proposedbyGibsoninhisTheceiveorattendtotheaffordance,accordingtohisneeds,EcologicalApproachtoVisualPerception(1979).Gibsonbuttheaffordance,beinginvariant,isalwaystheretobecoin

7、edthetermofaffordancetorefertotheoffers,con-perceived’’(p.139).sistentinopportunitiesofinteraction,thattheobjectsInreconstructingtheoriginsoftheconceptofaffor-presentintheenvironmentpossessinrelationtothesen-dance,GibsonreferredtowhatKoffkadefinedasthesorimotorcapacitiesofdifferen

8、tanimals:‘‘Theaffor-demandcharacterofanobjectinhisPrinciplesofGe-dancesofthe