语言学导论-第8章LanguageSociety

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1、LanguageandsocietyLanguageandsocietySociolinguistics社会语言学tostudytherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguageliveTwoapproachesMacrosociolinguistics宏观社会语言学(abird’s-eyeview)Toconsiderhowlanguagefunctionsinthesocietyan

2、dhowitreflectsthesocialdifferentiations.Microsociolinguistics微观社会语言学(aworm’s-eyeview)FromthepointofviewofanindividualmemberwithinitHowlanguagefunctionsinthecommunicationbetweenmembersofthesocietyTwomainsubjectsSpeechcommunity言语社区thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialsociol

3、inguisticstudySpeechvariety言语变体anydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.3maintypes：regionaldialects,sociolects--usersregisters--useMajorconcernsVarietiesoflanguageStandarddialectPidginandCreoleBilingualismandDiglossiaVarietiesoflanguageDialectalvarieties方言

4、变体Register语域Degreeofformality正式度DialectalvarietiesRegionaldialect地域方言Sociolect社会方言Languageandgender语言与性别Languageandage语言与年龄Idiolect个人语言Ethnicdialect种族方言Regionaldialect地域方言ThelinguisticvarietyusedbypeoplelivinginthesamegeographicalregionCauses:geographicalbarriersloyaltytoone’sn

5、ativespeechphysical&psychologicalresistanceAtpresent:decreasingofgeographicalvariationinlanguageDialectalvarieties拯救方言Sociolect社会方言thelinguisticvarietycharacteristicofaparticularsocialclasssamegeographicalregionsameregionaldialectFeatures:phoneticfeatures:-n’---inggrammaticalle

6、vel:Ican’teatnothing.accent:ReceivedPronunciation(RP)标准发音(upperclassspeech,high-statusmarker)DialectalvarietiesspeakdifferentlyLanguageandgender语言与性别Intonation语调Female:awiderrange;low-riseintonationLexicon词汇Female:moreadjectivesofevaluation:nice,lovely,cute,fantasticmoreintensi

7、fiers:awfully,really,…OnthewholeFemale:morecorrect,lessassertive,morepoliteDialectalvarietiesLanguageandage语言与年龄Lexicaldifference:e.g.,icebox-fridge火星文：符号、繁体字、日文、韩文、冷僻字或汉字拆分后的部分等非正规化文字符号组合而成（似乱码或错字，不规范，字面无法了解）偶口以跟你作朋友吗？3Q你是我的好麻吉！私今天没事做。海皮，粉，河蟹，小盆友，……DialectalvarietiesIdiolect个人

8、语言Apersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthatcombinesele