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1、THERHETORICOFTRANSLATIONRolandBarthes,intheprefacetohisEssaiscritiques,illustratestheproblemsofwriting—andthenatureofliterature—withsomenotesoncomposingaletterofcondolence:Unamivientdeperdrequelqu’unqu’ilaimeetjeveuxluidiremacompassion.Jememetsalorsalui›ecrires
2、pontan‹ementunelettre.Cependantlesmotsquejetrouve‹nemesatisfontpas:cesontdes‘phrases’:jefaisdes‘phrases’avecleplusaimantdemoi-meme;jemedisalorsquelemessagequejeveuxfaireparvenir^acetami,etqui›estmacompassionmeme,pourraitensommeser^eduire‹aunsimplemot:›Condol‹ea
3、nces.Cependantlafinmemedelacommunications’yoppose,carceseraitl^aunmessage›froid,etparconsequentinverse,puisquecequejeveuxluicommuniquer,c’estlachaleurmemedemacompassion.J’enconclusquepourredressermonmessage(c’est-^a-direensommepourqu’ilsoitexact),ilfautnonseulem
4、entquejelevarie,maisencore›quecettevariationsoitoriginaleetcommeinventee.‹Inratherun-modernterms,weseehereamessage(mycompassion,thethingitself)andachoiceofcodestocommunicateit—inaword,arhetoricalsitu-ation.Andtwopagesfurtheron,Barthesplacestheliteraryneedforor
5、iginalvariationexplicitlyunderthesignofthesuspectdisciplineofrhetoric,whichhecalls‘ladimensionamoureusedel’ecriture’(p.14).Hewaslatertopublishan‹‘aide-memoire’onclassicalrhetoric,towardswhichheremainedambivalent—‹rejectingitsfalsenessandconventionality,whilerec
6、ognizingitsvalueasane-cessaryandoftenappealingformofmediation.AsGerardGenettesuggested,‹inaperceptiveearlyessay,wecanunderstandBarthes’sfascinationwiththecodesofwritingandsignificationasanobliquewayofdealingwithhisnostalgiaforanunattainableNatureinwhichexpressi
7、onisdirect,uncoded—aRomanticnostalgiawhichfindsanechoinmanymodernwritersandtheorists.Comparedwithrhetoric,translationseemstohaveinterestedBarthessur-prisinglylittle.Butthetranslator’ssituationclearlyechoesthatoftheauthorofaletterofcondolence,aparliamentaryspeec
8、h,orindeedafictionalnarrative.Inthisrhetoricalviewofthings,abodyofthemes,forms,andideas—inthecaseofthetranslator,apre-existingtext—liesbeforethewriter,whosetaskistofindanewfor
