Chomsky-What Makes Mainstream Media Mainstream .pdf

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1、WhatMakesMainstreamMediaMainstreamFromatalkatZMediaInstituteJune1997ByNoamChomskyPartofthereasonwhyIwriteaboutthemediaisbecauseIaminterestedinthewholeintellectualculture,andthepartofitthatiseasiesttostudyisthemedia.Itcomesouteveryday.Youcandoasystematicinvestigation.Youcancompareyesterday

2、’sversiontotoday’sversion.Thereisalotofevidenceaboutwhat’splayedupandwhatisn’tandthewaythingsarestructured.Myimpressionisthemediaaren’tverydifferentfromscholarshiporfrom,say,journalsofintellectualopinion—therearesomeextraconstraints—butit’snotradicallydifferent.Theyinteract,whichiswhypeop

3、legoupandbackquiteeasilyamongthem.Youlookatthemedia,oratanyinstitutionyouwanttounderstand.Youaskquestionsaboutitsinternalinstitutionalstructure.Youwanttoknowsomethingabouttheirsettinginthebroadersociety.Howdotheyrelatetoothersystemsofpowerandauthority?Ifyou’relucky,thereisaninternalrecord

4、fromleadingpeopleintheinformationsystemwhichtellsyouwhattheyareupto(itissortofadoctrinalsystem).Thatdoesn’tmeanthepublicrelationshandoutsbutwhattheysaytoeachotheraboutwhattheyareupto.Thereisquitealotofinterestingdocumentation.Thosearethreemajorsourcesofinformationaboutthenatureofthemedia.

5、Youwanttostudythemtheway,say,ascientistwouldstudysomecomplexmoleculeorsomething.Youtakealookatthestructureandthenmakesomehypothesisbasedonthestructureastowhatthemediaproductislikelytolooklike.Thenyouinvestigatethemediaproductandseehowwellitconformstothehypotheses.Virtuallyallworkinmediaan

6、alysisisthislastpart—tryingtostudycarefullyjustwhatthemediaproductisandwhetheritconformstoobviousassumptionsaboutthenatureandstructureofthemedia.Well,whatdoyoufind?Firstofall,youfindthattherearedifferentmediawhichdodifferentthings,liketheentertainment/Hollywood,soapoperas,andsoon,orevenmo

7、stofthenewspapersinthecountry(theoverwhelmingmajorityofthem).Theyaredirectingthemassaudience.Thereisanothersectorofthemedia,theelitemedia,sometimescalledtheagenda-settingmediabecausetheyaretheoneswiththebigresources,theysettheframeworkinwhicheveryoneelseoperates.The