A History of Western Philosophy - Bertrand Russell .pdf

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1、BERTRANDRUSSELLAHISTORYOFWESTERNPHILOSOPHYAndItsConnectionwithPoliticalandSocialCircumstancesfromtheEarliestTimestothePresentDaySIMONANDSCHUSTER,NEWYORKALLRIGHTSRESERVEDINCLUDINGTHERIGHTOFREPRODUCTIONINWHOLEORINPARTINANYFORMCOPYRIGHT,1945,BYBERTRANDRUSSELLPUBLI

2、SHEDBYSIMONANDSCHUSTER,INC.ROCKEFELLERCENTER,1230SIXTHAVENUENEWYORK20,N.Y.FourthPrintingMANUFACTUREDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICABYAMERICANBOOK-STRATFORDPRESS,INC.,N.Y.TABLEOFCONTENTSPrefacebyAuthorixIntroductionxiiiBOOKONE.ANCIENTPHILOSOPHYPartI.ThePre-Socratics3

3、ChapterI.TheRiseofGreekCivilization3ChapterII.TheMilesianSchool24ChapterIII.Pythagoras29ChapterIV.Heraclitus38ChapterV.Parmenides48ChapterVI.Empedocles53ChapterVII.AthensinRelationtoCulture58ChapterVIII.Anaxagoras61ChapterIX.TheAtomists64ChapterX.Protagoras73Pa

4、rtII.Socrates,Plato,andAristotle82ChapterXI.Socrates82ChapterXII.TheInfluenceofSparta94ChapterXIII.TheSourcesofPlato'sOpinionsChapterXXIII.Aristotle'sPhysics203ChapterXXIV.EarlyGreekMathematicsandAstronomy208PartIII.AncientPhilosophyafterAristotle218ChapterXXV.

5、TheHellenisticWorld218ChapterXXVI.CynicsandSceptics228ChapterXXVII.TheEpicureans240ChapterXXIX.Stoicism252ChapterXXIX.TheRomanEmpireinRelationtoCulture270ChapterXXX.Plotinus284BOOKTWO.CATHOLICPHILOSOPHYIntroduction301PartI.TheFathers308ChapterI.TheReligiousDeve

6、lopmentoftheJews308ChapterII.ChristianityDuringtheFirstFourCenturies324ChapterIII.ThreeDoctorsoftheChurch334ChapterIV.SaintAugustine'sPhilosophyandTheology352ChapterV.TheFifthandSixthCenturies366ChapterVI.SaintBenedictandGregorytheGreat375PartII.TheSchoolmen388

7、ChapterVII.ThePapacyintheDarkAges388ChapterVIII.JohntheScot400ChapterIX.EcclesiasticalReformintheEleventhCentury407ChapterX.MohammedanCultureandPhilosophy419-vi-ChapterXI.TheTwelfthCentury428ChapterXII.TheThirteenthCentury441ChapterXIII.SaintThomasAquinas452Cha

8、pterXIV.FranciscanSchoolmen463ChapterXV.TheEclipseofthePapacy476BOOKTHREE.MODERNPHILOSOPHYPartI.FromtheRenaissancetoHume491ChapterI.GeneralCharacteristics491ChapterII.TheIta