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1、FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaBertrandArthurWilliamRussell,3rdEarlRussell, OM, FRS[2] (18May1872 –2February1970)wasaBritishphilosopher, logician, mathematician, historian,and socialcritic.[3] Atvariouspointsinhislifeheconsideredhimselfaliberal,a socialist,anda pacifist,buthealsoa
2、dmittedthathehadneverbeenanyoftheseinanyprofoundsense.[4] Hewasbornin Monmouthshire,intooneofthemostprominentaristocraticfamiliesinBritain.[5]RussellledtheBritish"revoltagainst idealism"intheearly20thcentury.[6] Heisconsideredoneofthefoundersofanalyticphilosophy alongwithhispredeces
3、sor GottlobFrege andhisprotégé LudwigWittgenstein.Heiswidelyheldtobeoneofthe20thcentury'spremierlogicians.[3] Heco-authored,with A.N.Whitehead, PrincipiaMathematica,anattempttogroundmathematicsonlogic.Hisphilosophicalessay"OnDenoting"hasbeenconsidereda"paradigmofphilosophy".[7] Hisw
4、orkhashadaconsiderableinfluenceon logic, mathematics, settheory, linguistics, artificialintelligence, computerscience (seetypetheory and typesystem),and philosophy,especially philosophyoflanguage, epistemology,and metaphysics.Russellwasaprominent anti-war activist;hechampioned anti-
5、imperialism[8][9] andwenttoprisonforhispacifismduringWorldWarI.[10] Later,hecampaignedagainst AdolfHitler,thencriticised Stalinist totalitarianism,attackedtheinvolvementofthe UnitedStatesofAmerica inthe VietnamWar,andwasanoutspokenproponentof nucleardisarmament.[11] In1950Russellwas
6、awardedthe NobelPrizeinLiterature "inrecognitionofhisvariedandsignificantwritingsinwhichhechampions humanitarian idealsand freedomofthought."[12]Earlylifeandbackground[edit]YoungBertrandRussellBertrandRussellwasbornon18May1872atRavenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire,intoaninfluentiala
7、ndliberalfamilyofthe Britisharistocracy.[13] Hisparents, Viscount and ViscountessAmberley,wereradicalfortheirtimes.LordAmberleyconsentedtohiswife'saffairwiththeirchildren'stutor,thebiologist DouglasSpalding.Bothwereearlyadvocatesof birthcontrol atatimewhenthiswasconsideredscandalous
8、.[14] LordAmberleyw
