Bertrand Russell - A History of Western Philosophy.pdf

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1、BERTRANDRUSSELLAHISTORYOFWESTERNPHILOSOPHYAndItsConnectionwithPoliticalandSocialCircumstancesfromtheEarliestTimestothePresentDaySIMONANDSCHUSTER,NEWYORKALLRIGHTSRESERVEDINCLUDINGTHERIGHTOFREPRODUCTIONINWHOLEORINPARTINANYFORMCOPYRIGHT,1945,BYBERTRANDRUSSELLPUBLISHEDBYSIMONANDSCHUSTER,INC.ROCKEFELL

2、ERCENTER,1230SIXTHAVENUENEWYORK20,N.Y.FourthPrintingMANUFACTUREDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICABYAMERICANBOOK-STRATFORDPRESS,INC.,N.Y.TABLEOFCONTENTSPrefacebyAuthorixIntroductionxiiiBOOKONE.ANCIENTPHILOSOPHYPartI.ThePre-Socratics3ChapterI.TheRiseofGreekCivilization3ChapterII.TheMilesianSchool24Chapter

3、III.Pythagoras29ChapterIV.Heraclitus38ChapterV.Parmenides48ChapterVI.Empedocles53ChapterVII.AthensinRelationtoCulture58ChapterVIII.Anaxagoras61ChapterIX.TheAtomists64ChapterX.Protagoras73PartII.Socrates,Plato,andAristotle82ChapterXI.Socrates82ChapterXII.TheInfluenceofSparta94ChapterXIII.TheSource

4、sofPlato'sOpinionsChapterXXIII.Aristotle'sPhysics203ChapterXXIV.EarlyGreekMathematicsandAstronomy208PartIII.AncientPhilosophyafterAristotle218ChapterXXV.TheHellenisticWorld218ChapterXXVI.CynicsandSceptics228ChapterXXVII.TheEpicureans240ChapterXXIX.Stoicism252ChapterXXIX.TheRomanEmpireinRelationto

5、Culture270ChapterXXX.Plotinus284BOOKTWO.CATHOLICPHILOSOPHYIntroduction301PartI.TheFathers308ChapterI.TheReligiousDevelopmentoftheJews308ChapterII.ChristianityDuringtheFirstFourCenturies324ChapterIII.ThreeDoctorsoftheChurch334ChapterIV.SaintAugustine'sPhilosophyandTheology352ChapterV.TheFifthandSi

6、xthCenturies366ChapterVI.SaintBenedictandGregorytheGreat375PartII.TheSchoolmen388ChapterVII.ThePapacyintheDarkAges388ChapterVIII.JohntheScot400ChapterIX.EcclesiasticalReformintheEleventhCentury407ChapterX.MohammedanCultureandPhilosophy419-vi-ChapterXI.TheTwelfthCentury428ChapterXII.TheThirteenthC

7、entury441ChapterXIII.SaintThomasAquinas452ChapterXIV.FranciscanSchoolmen463ChapterXV.TheEclipseofthePapacy476BOOKTHREE.MODERNPHILOSOPHYPartI.FromtheRenaissancetoHume491ChapterI.GeneralCharacteristics491ChapterII.TheIta