A History of Western Philosophy.pdf

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1、BERTRANDRUSSELLAHISTORYOFWESTERNPHILOSOPHYAndItsConnectionwithPoliticalandSocialCircumstancesfromtheEarliestTimestothePresentDaySIMONANDSCHUSTER,NEWYORKALLRIGHTSRESERVEDINCLUDINGTHERIGHTOFREPRODUCTIONINWHOLEORINPARTINANYFORMCOPYRIGHT,1945,BYBERTRANDRUSSELLPUBLISHEDBYSIMONANDSCHUSTER

2、,INC.ROCKEFELLERCENTER,1230SIXTHAVENUENEWYORK20,N.Y.FourthPrintingMANUFACTUREDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICABYAMERICANBOOKSTRATFORDPRESS,INC.,N.Y.TABLEOFCONTENTSPrefacebyAuthorixIntroductionxiiiBOOKONE.ANCIENTPHILOSOPHYPartI.ThePre-Socratics3ChapterI.TheRiseofGreekCivilization3ChapterII

3、.TheMilesianSchool24ChapterIII.Pythagoras29ChapterIV.Heraclitus38ChapterV.Parmenides48ChapterVI.Empedocles53ChapterVII.AthensinRelationtoCulture58ChapterVIII.Anaxagoras61ChapterIX.TheAtomists64ChapterX.Protagoras73PartII.Socrates,Plato,andAristotle82ChapterXI.Socrates82ChapterXII.Th

4、eInfluenceofSparta94ChapterXIII.TheSourcesofPlato'sOpinionsChapterXXIII.Aristotle'sPhysics203ChapterXXIV.EarlyGreekMathematicsandAstronomy208PartIII.AncientPhilosophyafterAristotle218ChapterXXV.TheHellenisticWorld218ChapterXXVI.CynicsandSceptics228ChapterXXVII.TheEpicureans240Chapte

5、rXXIX.Stoicism252ChapterXXIX.TheRomanEmpireinRelationtoCulture270ChapterXXX.Plotinus284BOOKTWO.CATHOLICPHILOSOPHYIntroduction301PartI.TheFathers308ChapterI.TheReligiousDevelopmentoftheJews308ChapterII.ChristianityDuringtheFirstFourCenturies324ChapterIII.ThreeDoctorsoftheChurch334Cha

6、pterIV.SaintAugustine'sPhilosophyandTheology352ChapterV.TheFifthandSixthCenturies366ChapterVI.SaintBenedictandGregorytheGreat375PartII.TheSchoolmen388ChapterVII.ThePapacyintheDarkAges388ChapterVIII.JohntheScot400ChapterIX.EcclesiasticalReformintheEleventhCentury407ChapterX.Mohammeda

7、nCultureandPhilosophy419-viChapterXI.TheTwelfthCentury428ChapterXII.TheThirteenthCentury441ChapterXIII.SaintThomasAquinas452ChapterXIV.FranciscanSchoolmen463ChapterXV.TheEclipseofthePapacy476BOOKTHREE.MODERNPHILOSOPHYPartI.FromtheRenaissancetoHume491ChapterI.GeneralCharacteristics49

8、1ChapterII.TheItali