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1、AHISTORYOFWESTERNPHILOSOPHYBertrandRussellAHISTORYOFWESTERNPHILOSOPHYanditsConnectionwithPoliticalandSocialCircumstancesfromtheEarliestTimestothePresentDayOnlyforeducationpurpose"Ifyoulikeitbuyit"KarnavaLONDONGEORGEALLEN&UNWINLTDRUSKINHOUSEMUSEUMSTREETF

2、irstpublishedin1946ThisBookiscopyrightunderBerneconventionApartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposeofprivatestudy,Research,criticismorreviewpermittedunderthecopyrightAct1956NoPortionmaybereproducedwithoutwrittenpermission.Enquiriesshouldbeaddressedtothepubli

3、shersThisNewEdition©GeorgeAllen&UnwinLtd1961PrintedinGreatBritainTABLEOFCONTENTSPrefacebyAuthorixIntroductionxiiichapterITheRiseofGreekCivilizationChapterII.TheMilesianSchool24ChapterIII.Pythagoras29ChapterIV.Heraclitus38ChapterV.Parmenides48ChapterVI.E

4、mpedocles53ChapterVII.AthensinRelationtoCulture58ChapterVIII.Anaxagoras61ChapterIX.TheAtomists64ChapterX.Protagoras73PartII.Socrates,Plato,andAristotle82ChapterXI.Socrates82ChapterXII.TheInfluenceofSparta94ChapterXIII.TheSourcesofPlato'sOpinionsChapterX

5、XIII.Aristotle'sPhysics203ChapterXXIV.EarlyGreekMathematicsandAstronomy208PartIII.AncientPhilosophyafterAristotle218ChapterXXV.TheHellenisticWorld218ChapterXXVI.CynicsandSceptics228ChapterXXVII.TheEpicureans240ChapterXXIX.Stoicism252ChapterXXIX.TheRoman

6、EmpireinRelationtoCulture270ChapterXXX.Plotinus284BOOKTWO.CATHOLICPHILOSOPHYIntroduction301PartI.TheFathers308ChapterI.TheReligiousDevelopmentoftheJews308ChapterII.ChristianityDuringtheFirstFourCenturies324ChapterIII.ThreeDoctorsoftheChurch334ChapterIV.

7、SaintAugustine'sPhilosophyandTheology352ChapterV.TheFifthandSixthCenturies366ChapterVI.SaintBenedictandGregorytheGreat375PartII.TheSchoolmen388ChapterVII.ThePapacyintheDarkAges388ChapterVIII.JohntheScot400ChapterIX.EcclesiasticalReformintheEleventhCentu

8、ry407ChapterX.MohammedanCultureandPhilosophy419-vi-ChapterXI.TheTwelfthCentury428ChapterXII.TheThirteenthCentury441ChapterXIII.SaintThomasAquinas452ChapterXIV.FranciscanSchoolmen463ChapterXV.TheEclipseofthePapacy476BOOKTHREE.MODE