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1、Time,Tense,andCausationThispageintentionallyleftblankTime,Tense,andCausationMichaelTooleyCLARENDONPRESS·OXFORD1997GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DPOxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxfordItfurtherstheUniversity'sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,andeducationbypublis
2、hingworldwideinOxfordNewYorkAucklandBangkokBuenosAiresCapeTownChennaiDaresSalaamDelhiHongKongIstanbulKarachiKolkataKualaLumpurMadridMelbourneMexicoCityMumbaiNairobiSãoPauloShanghaiTaipeiTokyoTorontoOxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountriesPublishedin
3、theUnitedStatesbyOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork©MichaelTooley1997ThemoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenassertedDatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissio
4、ninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographicsrightsorganization.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressaboveYoumustnotcirculatethisbookinanyot
5、herbindingorcoverandyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirerBritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataDataavailableLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataTooley,Michael,1941–Time,tense,andcausation/MichaelTooley.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.1.Time.2.Causation.I.Title.BD63
6、8.T661996115—dc2096-33591ISBN0-19-823579-8ToSylviaTooleyandRudieTooleyThispageintentionallyleftblankPrefaceandAcknowledgementsAretimeandcausationrelated,andifsohow?IfirstbecameseriouslyinterestedinthisissuewhenIwasdevelopinganaccountofthenatureofcausation.TheconclusionsthatIreachedatthattimewe
7、re,first,thatitisbothpossible,anddesirable,toofferanaccountofcausationthatdoesnotinvolveanytemporalconcepts,and,secondly,that,giventhatthereappeartobenecessarytruthsthatinvolvebothcausalandtemporalconcepts,therelevantconnectionsbetweencausatio
