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1、CausationandCulpability1Causation,NormViolationandCulpableControlMarkD.AlickeOhioUniversityDavidRoseCarnegieMellonUniversityDoriBloomOhioUniversityCausationandCulpability2AcknowledgmentsWewouldliketothankJoshuaKnobeandLianeYoungfortheirhelpfulcommentsonanearlierdraftofthispaper.Caus
2、ationandCulpability3Causation,NormViolationandCulpableControlHumanbrainsdospectacularthings:Theysolvecomplexlogicalpuzzles,composesymphonicmasterpieces,conceivetechnologicalmarvels,andcreateenduringartworks,forstarters.Butbeforetheycanembarkontheseprodigies,humanbrainsmustachievesom
3、ethingthattheyshareincommonwithallbrains—theymustevaluateanddifferentiatewhichcreatures,objects,andconditionswillfacilitatetheirprospectsandwell-being,andwhichwilldothemharm.Evaluationisthemostfundamental1componentofhumanjudgmentandoneofthemostimportantcognitivecapacitiesforsurvival
4、.2Virtuallyallmeaningfulhumanactionsareautomaticallyevaluated.Theseevaluativereactionsintrudeonthejudgmentsandattributionsthatpeoplemakeabouttheirownandothers'behavior.So,whenpeoplemakefocaljudgmentsaboutthecomponentsofahumanact,suchaswhetheritcausedaparticularoutcome,whethertheoutc
5、omewasforeseenorforeseeable,whethertheactionwasintentionalorinvoluntary,andwhetherincapacitiesorsituationalconstraintsexcuseormitigateit,theyareinfluencedbytheirperipheralevaluativereactionstotheactor,theactor’sbehavior,or3theoutcomesthatensue.Asaresult,whenpeopleareaskedtoidentify,
6、forexample,the1Osgood,E.E.,Suci,G.J.andTannenbaum,P.H.(1957).Themeasurementofmeaning.UniversityofIllinoisPress,Urbana,IL.2Bargh,J.A.andChartrand,T.L.(1999).Theunbearableautomaticityofbeing.AmericanPsychology,54,462-479.Fazio,R.H.,Sanbonmatsu,D.M.,Powell,M.C.andKardes,F.R.(1986).Onth
7、eautomaticactivationofattitudes.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,50,229-238.3Alicke,M.D.(1992).Culpablecausation.JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology63,368-378.Alicke,M.D.(2000).Culpablecontrolandthepsychologyofblame.PsychologicalBulletin,126,556-574.CausationandCulpabilit
8、y4primarycauseofane
