first and second language acquisition第一和第二语言习得

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1、FirstandSecondlanguageacquisitionLanguageAcquisitionistheprocessthroughwhichahumanbeinggetstoknowthegrammar/vocabularyofaspecificlanguage.Firstlanguageacquisition•Whyareweinterestedinit?·       Someobviousandyetinterestingfactsaboutchildlanguageacquisition:•-   

2、     Everyaspectoflanguageisextremelycomplex;yetveryyoungchildren(beforetheageof5)alreadyknowmostoftheintricatesystemwecallthegrammarofalanguage.•-        Childrendonotlearnalanguagebystoringallthewordsandallthesentencesinsomegiantmentaldictionary.Thelistofwords

3、isfinite,butthesentencesareinfiniteinnumber.•-        Childrenlearntoconstruct/understandsentences,mostofwhichtheyhaveneverproduced/heardbefore.•-        Childrenmustthereforeconstructthe‘rules’thatpermitthemtouselanguagecreatively.-Nooneteachesthemtheserules.Th

4、eirparentsarenomoreawareofthephonological,morphological,syntactic,andsemanticrulesthanarethechildren.TheoriesofChildLanguageAcquisition1.     LearningbyImitationSomepeoplethinkthatchildrenacquirealanguagemerelybyimitation.Isthisaplausiblehypothesis?Thisisnotapla

5、usiblehypothesisbecause:•Childrendonothearmanyoftheutterancestheyproduce(e.g.Catstanduptable);•Evenwhentheytrytoimitatewhattheyhear,theyareunabletoproducesentencesthatcannotbegeneratedbytheirgrammar(e.g.ADULT:He’sgoingout.CHILD:Hegoout.);•Childrenwhoareunabletos

6、peakforneurologicalorphysiologicalreasonslearnthelanguagespokentothemandwhentheyovercometheirspeechimpairment,theyimmediatelyusethelanguageforspeaking.2.LearningbyReinforcementAnotherviewoflanguageacquisitionsuggeststhatchildrenlearntoproducegrammaticalsentences

7、becausetheyarepositivelyreinforcedwhentheysaysomethingrightandnegativelyreinforcedwhentheysaysomethingwrong.Isthisaplausiblehypothesis?•No,because:Brownandhiscolleaguesreportfromtheirstudiesthatreinforcementseldomoccurs,andwhenitdoesitisusuallyincorrectpronuncia

8、tionorincorrectreportingoffactsthatiscorrected,ratherthansyntax.Evenifitdidoccuroften,itwouldn’texplainhoworwhatchildrenlearnfromsuchadultresponses.Infact,attemptstoc