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1、Subjectivewell-being1.IntroductionSubjectivemeasuresofwell-beingaremeasuresofwell-beingbasedonquestionssuchas:“Takingthingsalltogether,howwouldyousaythingsarethesedays–wouldyousayyou’reveryhappy,prettyhappy,ornottoohappythesedays?”(Gurin,Veroff,&Feld,1960,p.411,italicsi
2、noriginal).1Subjectsmaybepromptedtogiveanumberbetween1and7,where1represents“Ingeneral,Iconsidermyselfnotaveryhappyperson”and7“Ingeneral,Iconsidermyselfaveryhappyperson”(Lyubomirsky&Lepper,1999,p.151).Inthepast,theywereaskedwhethertheysatisfieddescriptionssuchas:“Cheerfu
3、l,gayspiritsmostofthetime.Occasionallybotheredbysomethingbutcanusuallylaughitoff,”“Upsanddowns,nowhappyaboutthings,nowdepressedaboutbalancedinthelongrun,”and“Lifeoftenseemssoworthlessthatthereislittletokeeponegoing.Nothingmattersverymuch,therehasbeensomuchofhurtthatlaug
4、hterwouldbeemptymockery”(Watson,1930,p.81).Answerstosuchquestionsareusedtoconstructnumericalmeasuresofbothindividualwell-being(thewell-beingofpersons)andsocialwellbeing(thewell-beingofgroups).Subjectivemeasuresofwell-beinghavebecomethesubjectofheateddiscussionintheacade
5、myandbeyond.Onereasonisthattheyarefrequentlypresentedassubstitutesfor,orcomplementsto,traditionalincome-basedeconomicwelfaremeasuresandtoindicatorsinspiredbythecapabilityapproach(Kesebir&Diener,2008).Indeed,toencouragetheuseofsubjectivemeasuresforpublicpolicypurposes,pr
6、oponentshaveadvocatedNationalWell-BeingAccounts(NWBAs),whichtrackpopulation-levelscoresonsubjectivemeasuresovertime(Diener&Seligman,2004;Diener,2006;Kahneman,Krueger,Schkade,Schwarz,&Stone,2004).Whileitishardtopredicttheextenttowhichsubjectivemeasureswillassumetheroletr
7、aditionallyplayedbyothermeasures,subjectivemeasuresseemtobegainingground.Forinstance,theirusewasrecentlyendorsedbyFrenchPresidentNicholasSarkozy’sCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress.TheCommission,whichwasheadedbyNobelMemorialPrizelaureatesJo
8、sephE.StiglitzandAmartyaSen,hadbeencharged17withthetaskofexploringalternativestoGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)asame
