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1、Subjectivewell-being1.IntroductionSubjectivemeasuresofwell-beingaremeasuresofwell-beingbasedonquestionssuchas:“Takingthingsalltogether,howwouldyousaythingsarethesedays–wouldyousayyou’reveryhappy,prettyhappy,ornottoohappythesedays?”(Gurin,Veroff,&Feld,1960,
2、p.411,italicsinoriginal).1Subjectsmaybepromptedtogiveanumberbetween1and7,where1represents“Ingeneral,Iconsidermyselfnotaveryhappyperson”and7“Ingeneral,Iconsidermyselfaveryhappyperson”(Lyubomirsky&Lepper,1999,p.151).Inthepast,theywereaskedwhethertheysatisfie
3、ddescriptionssuchas:“Cheerful,gayspiritsmostofthetime.Occasionallybotheredbysomethingbutcanusuallylaughitoff,”“Upsanddowns,nowhappyaboutthings,nowdepressedaboutbalancedinthelongrun,”and“Lifeoftenseemssoworthlessthatthereislittletokeeponegoing.Nothingmatter
4、sverymuch,therehasbeensomuchofhurtthatlaughterwouldbeemptymockery”(Watson,1930,p.81).Answerstosuchquestionsareusedtoconstructnumericalmeasuresofbothindividualwell-being(thewell-beingofpersons)andsocialwellbeing(thewell-beingofgroups).Subjectivemeasuresofwe
5、ll-beinghavebecomethesubjectofheateddiscussionintheacademyandbeyond.Onereasonisthattheyarefrequentlypresentedassubstitutesfor,orcomplementsto,traditionalincome-basedeconomicwelfaremeasuresandtoindicatorsinspiredbythecapabilityapproach(Kesebir&Diener,2008).
6、Indeed,toencouragetheuseofsubjectivemeasuresforpublicpolicypurposes,proponentshaveadvocatedNationalWell-BeingAccounts(NWBAs),whichtrackpopulation-levelscoresonsubjectivemeasuresovertime(Diener&Seligman,2004;Diener,2006;Kahneman,Krueger,Schkade,Schwarz,&Sto
7、ne,2004).Whileitishardtopredicttheextenttowhichsubjectivemeasureswillassumetheroletraditionallyplayedbyothermeasures,subjectivemeasuresseemtobegainingground.Forinstance,theirusewasrecentlyendorsedbyFrenchPresidentNicholasSarkozy’sCommissionontheMeasurement
8、ofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress.TheCommission,whichwasheadedbyNobelMemorialPrizelaureatesJosephE.StiglitzandAmartyaSen,hadbeenchargedwiththetaskofexploringalternativestoGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)asameas
