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1、Subjectivewell-being1.IntroductionSubjectivemeasuresofwell-beingaremeasuresofwell-beingbasedonquestionssuchas:“Takingthingsalltogether,howwouldyousaythingsarethesedays–wouldyousayyou’reveryhappy,prettyhappy,ornottoohappythesedays?”(Gurin,Veroff,&Feld,1960,p.411,italicsinoriginal).1Su
2、bjectsmaybepromptedtogiveanumberbetween1and7,where1represents“Ingeneral,Iconsidermyselfnotaveryhappyperson”and7“Ingeneral,Iconsidermyselfaveryhappyperson”(Lyubomirsky&Lepper,1999,p.151).Inthepast,theywereaskedwhethertheysatisfieddescriptionssuchas:“Cheerful,gayspiritsmostofthetime.Oc
3、casionallybotheredbysomethingbutcanusuallylaughitoff,”“Upsanddowns,nowhappyaboutthings,nowdepressedaboutbalancedinthelongrun,”and“Lifeoftenseemssoworthlessthatthereislittletokeeponegoing.Nothingmattersverymuch,therehasbeensomuchofhurtthatlaughterwouldbeemptymockery”(Watson,1930,p.81)
4、.Answerstosuchquestionsareusedtoconstructnumericalmeasuresofbothindividualwell-being(thewell-beingofpersons)andsocialwellbeing(thewell-beingofgroups).Subjectivemeasuresofwell-beinghavebecomethesubjectofheateddiscussionintheacademyandbeyond.Onereasonisthattheyarefrequentlypresentedass
5、ubstitutesfor,orcomplementsto,traditionalincome-basedeconomicwelfaremeasuresandtoindicatorsinspiredbythecapabilityapproach(Kesebir&Diener,2008).Indeed,toencouragetheuseofsubjectivemeasuresforpublicpolicypurposes,proponentshaveadvocatedNationalWell-BeingAccounts(NWBAs),whichtrackpopul
6、ation-levelscoresonsubjectivemeasuresovertime(Diener&Seligman,2004;Diener,2006;Kahneman,Krueger,Schkade,Schwarz,&Stone,2004).Whileitishardtopredicttheextenttowhichsubjectivemeasureswillassumetheroletraditionallyplayedbyothermeasures,subjectivemeasuresseemtobegainingground.Forinstance
7、,theirusewasrecentlyendorsedbyFrenchPresidentNicholasSarkozy’sCommissionontheMeasurementofEconomicPerformanceandSocialProgress.TheCommission,whichwasheadedbyNobelMemorialPrizelaureatesJosephE.StiglitzandAmartyaSen,hadbeenchargedwiththetaskofexploringalternativestoGrossDomesticProduct
8、(GDP)asameas
