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1、Crowdsourcing,OpenInnovationandCollectiveIntelligenceintheScientificMethod:AResearchAgendaandOperationalFramework1211ThierryBuecheler,JanHenrikSieg,RudolfM.FüchslinandRolfPfeifer1ArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,DepartmentofInformatics,UniversityofZurich2ChairforStrategicMana
2、gementandInnovation,DepartmentofManagement,TechnologyandEconomics,ETHZurichbuecheler@ifi.uzh.chAbstractaretakingplace:e.g.,ideageneration,formulationofhypotheses,evaluationandinterpretationofgathereddata,Thelonelyresearchertryingtocrackaprobleminherofficestillamongmanyothers.
3、Furthermore,largeprojectconglomeratesplaysanimportantroleinfundamentalresearch.However,avast(e.g.,EU-fundedresearchprojectsorprojectsfundedthroughexchange,oftenwithparticipantsfromdifferentfieldsistakingtheAdvancedTechnologyProgramandothersintheU.S.,seeplaceinmodernresearchac
4、tivitiesandprojects.Inthe“ResearchLeeandBozeman2005,p.673ff.)increasethenumberofsuchValueChain”(asimplifieddepictionoftheScientificMethodasainteractions.Inmanycases,thescientistgroupsinvolvedself-processusedfortheanalysesinthispaper),interactionsbetweenorganizetheirworkandcon
5、tributionsaccordingtotheirresearchersandotherindividuals(intentionalornot)withinorindividualstrengthsandskills(andothermeasures)toreachaoutsidetheirrespectiveinstitutionscanberegardedascommonresearchgoal,withoutastrongcentralizedbodyofoccurrencesofCollectiveIntelligence.“Crow
6、dsourcing”(Howecontrol(Melin2000,StoehrandWHO2003,Landryand2006)isaspecialcaseofsuchCollectiveIntelligence.ItleveragesAmara1998).Theinteractionsbetweentheseindividualsandthewisdomofcrowds(Surowiecki2004)andisalreadychanginggroupscanbeseenasinstancesofCollectiveIntelligence,th
7、ewaygroupsofpeopleproduceknowledge,generateideasandincludingconsensusdecisionmaking,masscommunications,makethemactionable.Averyfamousexampleofaandotherphenomena(seee.g.,Hofstadter1979).CrowdsourcingoutcomeisthedistributedencyclopediaInwhatfollows,wewillselectexamplesofCollect
8、ive„Wikipedia“.PublishedresearchagendasareaskinghowIntelligence,whic
