日本产业集群的演化与结构[外文翻译]

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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译题目：TheEvolutionandStructureofIndustrialClustersinJapan出处：SmallBusinessEconomics作者：HidekiYamawaki译文：ABSTRACTThispaperfocusesontwoaspectsoftheevolutionandstructureofclustersinJapan,namely,whatgivesrisetoclustersandwhatbenefitsareacquiredbysmallfirmsfromparticipatinginclus

2、ters.Thedeterminantsofclusteringarediscussedbywayofareviewofthehistoryof14industrialclusterswhichcoverawiderangeofindustriesandlocationsinJapan.Itisnotedthatdifferentfactorsdominateindifferentcases.Amongthemoreimportantonesaretheexistenceofleadinglargefirms,theavailabilityofapool

3、edlabormarket,andthepresenceofpublicresearchandtestingfacilities.Thefourmostimportantbenefitsfromclustersreportedbysmallfirmsare:(i)specialization;(ii)easeofprocurement;(iii)diffusionoftechnology,and(iv)publicpolicysupport.Accesstoskilledworkersisnotreportedtobeasignificantbenefi

4、t.ThismaybeexplainedbythefactthatthedominantsourceofskillsacquisitionamongJapaneseworkersison-the-jobtrainingandsuchskillsmaybetoofirmspecifictobeusefultoothers,evenwithinageographicallyconcentratedcluster.1.IntroductionItisawellestablishedfactthatJapanhoststhelargestnumberofsmal

5、l-andmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs)amongindustrializedcountries.WhenSMEsarebroadlydefinedasthoseenterpriseswithfewerthan300employeesorlessthanYen100millionincapital,morethan99percentofallenterprisesinJapanesemanufacturingwereclassifiedasSMEsin1994.Further,67percentoftotalemployees

6、inmanufacturingworkedforSMEsin1994.1AnequallyimportantfeatureofJapan’sindustrialorganizationisthatJapan’sSMEsoftenformclusters.Accordingtothe1996surveyoftheSmallandMediumEnterpriseAgency,atotalof537clustersarereportedtoexistthroughoutJapan.Whiletheeconomicsignificanceoftheseclust

7、ersvarieswidelyfromclustersproducingprimarilyforexportstoclustersproducingindigenousgoodslittleknownoutsideJapan,animportantquestioncommontotheseclustersarise:Wheredotheseclusterscomefrom?WhatarethekeydriversforthebirthandgrowthoftheseclustersinJapan?Whatcompetitiveadvantagedothe

8、yhave?Thepurposeofthispaperistoaddressth