英语专业语法书答案lecture 2 subject-verb__ concord

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1、Lecture2Subject-verbConcord(1)Bysubject-verbconcordismeantagreementbetweensubjectandpredicateverbinnumber.2.1GuidingprinciplesTherearethreeprinciplesguidingsubject-verbconcord;theyareprinciplesofgrammaticalconcord,notionalconcordandproximity.1)GrammaticalconcordTheprincipleofgrammaticalconc

2、ordreferstotherulethattheverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.Ifthesubjectisplural,theverbshouldtakethepluralform;if,ontheotherhand,thesubjectissingularorisa'massnoun,theverbshouldtakethesingularform,eg:Bothboyshavetheirownmerits.Everygirlcomesontime.Mucheffortiswasted.Difficultiesarisewhenthispr

3、inciplecomesintoconflictwiththeothertwoprinciples:principleofnotionalconcordandprincipleofproximity.2)NotionalconcordTheprincipleofnotionalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberratherthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerforthatnot

4、ion,eg:Thegovernmenthaveaskedthecountrytodecidebyavote.Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwalktome.3)ProximityTheprincipleofproximitydenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseinpreferencetoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsassubject,eg:Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.No

5、oneexcepthisownsupportersagreewithhim.NeitherJulianorIamgoing.Notethatgrammaticalconcordisthebasicprinciple,butwhenthesubjectisrealizedbyacollectivenoun,acoordinateformoranexpressionofquantity,theothertwoprincipleswillhavetobeconsidered.2.2Problemsofconcordwithnounsendingin-sTherearequiteaf

6、ewnounsthatendin-sbutwhicharenotcountable.Someofthesenounsaretreatedassingular,someasplural,andsomeeitherassingularorasplural.Allthiscanbedealtwithunderthefollowingheadings.1)Diseaseandgamenamesendingin-sNamesofdiseasesendingin-saremostlytreatedassingular,butthereareafewsuch4names(asmeasles

7、andrickets)whichcanbeusedeitherassingularorasplural.Gamenamesendingin-saregenerallyusedassingularwiththeexceptionofcardswhichisusuallytreatedasplural.2)Subjectnamesendingin-icsNamesofsubjectsendingin-icsaregenerallysingularnouns,butsomesuchnounsare