英语专业语法书答案lecture 7 articles

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1、Lecture7Determiners(II)ArticlesInthepreviouslecturewetoucheduponthefactthatarticlesarethemosttypicalofdeterminers.Nowwewill1concentrateonthistopic.Englishhastwoarticles:thedefiniteandtheindefinitearticle.Asweknow,allEnglishcommonnounshavearticlecontrast,sowithpluralcountnounsandnoncountnouns,the

2、absenceofanarticlesignalsthepresenceofanotherkindofarticle--thezeroarticle.ItisinthissensethatwemayalsosaythatEnglishhasthreearticles-thedefinite,theindefinite,andthezeroarticle.7.1GenericandspecificreferenceIndiscussingtheuseofarticleswemustdistinguishbetweengenericandspecificreference.1)Generi

3、creferenceWhenwesaythereferenceisgeneric,wearetalkingaboutanymemberrepresentativeofaclassofpeopleorthings.Allthethreeformsofarticle(the,a(n),andzero)canbeusedgenericallytorefertothemembersofaclassasawhole.1ncertaincontexts,thedefinitearticlefollowedbyasingularcountnounoftenperformsagenericfuncti

4、on.Thesamefunctioncanalsobeperformedbythedefinitearticlecombiningwithcertainadjectivesoradjectivalparticiples,eg:Galileoclaimedthathehadinventedthetelescope.Thehorsehasbeenreplacedbytherailroad,thewindshipandthesteamshipTherichgetricher,andthepoorgetchildren.Theoppressedandtheexploitedwantedtofr

5、eethemselvesfromtheoppressors.Genericreferencecanalsobedenotedbytheindefinitearticlefollowedbyasingularcountnoun.Thisisespeciallycommoningivingdefinitions.Insodoing,wecanalsousepluralandnoncountnounswithoutthepresenceofanydeterminer.Thismaybereferredtoasthegenericuseofthezeroarticle,eg:Anoxisa

6、usefulanimal.Carrotsaremyfavouritevegetables.Knowledgeispower.2)SpecificreferenceSpecificreferenceisdifferentfromgenericreferenceinthatitdoesnotrefertoaclassofpeopleorthingsingeneralbuttoaparticularspecimenoftheclass.Specificreferencefallsintotwokinds:definitespecificreferenceandindefinitespeci

7、ficreference.Definitespecificreferenceimpliesthatapersonoranobjectcanbeidentifieduniquelyinthecontextoraccordingtothecommonknowledgesharedbyspeakerandhearer.Thedefinitearticleismostfrequentlyusedinthissense,eg:OldTomownsadog