语用学于语义学区别 以哲学为基础

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1、1.Wheredoyouthinkmeaningcomesfrom?Duringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,philosophyoflanguagewasconcernedlesswithlanguageusethanwithmeaningsoflinguisticexpressions.Indeed,meaningswereabstractedfromthelinguisticitemsthathavethem,and(indicative)sentenceswereofteneq

2、uatedwithstatements,whichinturnwereequatedwithproposition.Fromthepointofsemanticsandpragmatics,therearetwotypesofmeanings--literalmeaningandspeaker’smeaning.Whatasentenceliterallymeansisdeterminedbytherulesofthelanguage--thoserulesthatthesemanticistattemptstocaptu

3、re.Butspeaker’smeaningisamatterofintentions:whatsomeonemeansiswhatheovertlyintendstogetacrossthroughhisutterances.Meaningcomesinmanyvarieties.Someofthesevarietiesaresaidtobelongtothefieldofsemantics,otherstothefieldofpragmatics.2.Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferenc

4、esbetweensemanticsandpragmatics?Howarethetworelatedtoeachother?Similarities:1.Theyaretwoaspectsoflinguistics.2.BothSemanticsandPragmaticsarecloselyrelatedtomeaning.Semanticsreferstothemeaningofwordsandsentences.While,Pragmaticsdealswiththemeaningofutterances.3.The

5、ytwoaresuccessionalprocessofinterpretation:pragmaticinterpretation(suchastheworkingoutofGriceanimplicatures)isclaimedtocommenceonlyafterthesemanticinterpretationofagivensentencehasbeenworkedout.4.BothSemanticsandPragmaticsarerelatedtosigns.Theyhavedifferentfocuses

6、:Semanticsisconcernedwiththerelationbetweensignsandobjects.Pragmaticstakestherelationbetweensignsandtheirinterpretersasitssubjectmatter.Differences:Therearedifferentapproachestofindouthowsemanticsandpragmaticscanbedistinguished.AccordingtoBachthesearethethreemostd

7、ecisiveones:A.Truth-conditionalvs.non-truth-conditionalmeaningThisapproach,namedCarnapianapproachbyRecanati,distinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsinthefollowingway.Semanticsissaidtobeconcernedwithtruth-conditionalmeaning(/words-worldrelations(Recanati)),pragmaticswit

8、hnon-truth-conditionalmeaning.Inshort:pragmatics=meaning–truthconditionsB.Conversationalvs.non-conversationalmeaningAtthisapproach,semanticsstudiestheco