2023年新高考英语压轴题专项训练 压轴题04 阅读理解之议论文（解析版）

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压轴题04阅读理解之议论文议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度。议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体。这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的。议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象。论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等。论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法。议论文文章类型演绎论证议论文是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法。该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论。归纳论证议论文是一种由个别到一般的论证方法。它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论。比较论证议论文是一种由个别到个别的论证方法。通常分为类比法和对比法两类。类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法。对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。命题要点由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察。解题技巧1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想。2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括。3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨。做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测。【议论说理类文章】议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。一、抓住论点找主旨。

1阅读议论文最重要的是抓住文章的论点，找到文章的论点也就把握了文章的主旨。一般来说，作者会在开头段落交代文章的论点，因此，细读文章首段尤为重要。一、理清文章结构。议论文一般采用“总分总”的结构，作者先给出论点，然后从不同方面（正面，反面）进行论证，最后给出总结或者自己的观点。文章中会出现较为明显的转折，递进，并列或者归纳总结等的逻辑关系词。考生在阅读时，要理清文章结构，找到论点的基础上进而理解作者给出的论据，突破细节理解题和推理判断题。二、体会语言特点。能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。推理判断题解题技巧：排除法1.如果要求对某段内容进行推断，推理，那么就只看题干要求的那段。2.一般排除绝对项(must,always,never,all,only,haveto,none,completely)常选语气可能性不大的答案(may,might,could,belikelyto,possible,notnecessarily）3.排除照抄原文项或对原文作字面解释的项（2023·云南·云南师大附中校考模拟预测）AcompanyinYancheng,Jiangsuprovince,reportedlyintroducedaninternaldocumentrequiringallemployeestostopusingiPhones.ThosewhocontinueusingiPhonescouldlosetheirjobswhilethosewhoswitchtoHuaweiwouldgetsubsidies,thedocumentsaid.Askedwhy,aseniorcompanyexecutivesaidthemovewastoensurethesecurityofinformationandcommercialsecrets,andtoencouragealltosupportdomesticbrands.Someenterprisesandagenciesmighthavesecurityconcerns,butforthecompanyinvolvedthatseemsunlikely,anditseemstobemoreofapublicityploy.Therehavebeeninstancesinthepast,too,ofotherprivatecompaniesforbiddingemployeesfromusingiPhonesandinsistingtheysupportChinesebrands.AtatimewhentheUnitedStatesgovernmentisforcingUScompaniestostopdoingbusinesswithHuawei,itisgoodtoseeChinesecompatriots(同胞)supportingChinesebrands.However,itisn’tApplethatisstoppingsupplyingchipsandotherhigh-techpartstoHuawei.ItisUSpoliticians.ThepresidenthasalsoissuedexecutiveorderstoshutdownTikToksoastoforceittosellitsUSbusinessestoanAmericancompany.ThebestwaytosupportChinesecompaniesistospeakoutagainstthoseUSpoliticians.Itisadvisable,for

2example,tocreateawarenessamongfriendsintheUSaboutthewaysinwhichthesepoliticiansareharmingbothChineseandUSinterests.BoycottingUSbrandssuchasAppleisnotatalladvisable.Itnotonlyviolates(侵犯)anindividual’spersonalrighttochoosewhatheorshelikes,italsocreatesalotofmisunderstanding.Ofcourse,organizationsthatdealwithcriticalinformationcanasktheiremployeestousedomesticbrands.Butthatmustbedonelegally.EvenHuaweifounderRenZhengfeisaidthatpatriotismshouldnotdecidewhetheronewantsaniPhoneoraHuawei.HesaidthathehadboughtApplecomputersforhisfamilyandthathiscompanymustlearnfromitscompetitors.1．Theunderlinedword“subsidies”inParagraph1probablymeans.A．jobsB．bonusC．punishmentD．compliment2．WhydidthecompanyrequireitsemployeestostopusingiPhonesaccordingtoitsleadership?A．Theythoughtthecompany’ssecretinformationmightbestolenbyiPhones.B．TheyfeltguiltandshameatusingiPhones.C．Theyhadtoobeytheorderofthelocalgovernment.D．TheythoughtusingiPhoneswasanactofshowingoff.3．AccordingtothepassageallthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTthat________.A．someenterprisesandindividualsdon’tuseiPhonestotaketheirpatrioticstandB．AppleisstoppingsupplyingchipstoHuaweiC．boycottingUSbrandsisnotatallwiseandappropriateD．RenZhengfeiandhisfamilyalsouseAppleproducts4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．WeNeedtoUniteAgainstUsingiPhonesB．OneCompanyPloyMatterstoOneCountry’sFutureC．Can’tForceHuaweitoBeAppleofOne’sEyeD．ChineseCompatriots-Let’sSwitchtoHuawei【答案】1．B    2．A    3．B    4．C

3【导语】本文是议论文。文章报道国内有些企业因为美国政府迫使美国的一些公司停止和华为的贸易往来而禁止员工使用苹果手机，作者对这一观点进行了驳斥，提出抵制苹果等美国品牌根本不可取。这不仅侵犯了个人选择的权利，也造成了很多误解。当然，处理关键信息的机构可以要求员工使用国产品牌。但这必须是合法的。1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“ThosewhocontinueusingiPhonescouldlosetheirjobswhilethosewhoswitchtoHuaweiwouldgetsubsidies.(那些继续使用苹果手机的人可能会失去工作，而那些转而使用华为的人将获得subsidies)”中while可知，前后句是对比关系，“losetheirjobs”与“getsubsidies”相对，结合选项可知，使用苹果手机的人可能会失去工作，而使用华为的人将获得“奖金”，划线词与bonus同义。故选B。2．细节理解题。根据第二段“aseniorcompanyexecutivesaidthemovewastoensurethesecurityofinformationandcommercialsecrets，andtoencouragealltosupportdomesticbrands．Someenterprisesandagenciesmighthavesecurityconcerns(该公司一位高管表示，此举是为了确保信息和商业秘密的安全，并鼓励所有人支持国产品牌。部分企业和机构可能存在安全顾虑)”可知，领导层要求员工停止使用苹果手机是因为他们认为公司的机密信息可能会被苹果手机窃取。故选A。3．细节理解题。根据第四段“However,itisn’tApplethatisstoppingsupplyingchipsandotherhigh-techpartstoHuawei.ItisUSpoliticians.(然而，停止向华为供应芯片和其他高科技零部件的并不是苹果公司。而是美国政客)”可知，停止向华为供应芯片和其他高科技零部的并不是苹果公司，而是美国政客们的行为，所以B项错误。故选B。4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合选项最后两段中“BoycottingUSbrandssuchasAppleisnotatalladvisable.Itnotonlyviolates(侵犯)anindividual’spersonalrighttochoosewhatheorshelikes,italsocreatesalotofmisunderstanding.(抵制苹果等美国品牌根本不可取。这不仅侵犯了个人选择他或她喜欢的东西的权利，也造成了很多误解)”和“EvenHuaweifounderRenZhengfeisaidthatpatriotismshouldnotdecidewhetheronewantsaniPhoneoraHuawei.(就连华为创始人任正非也表示，爱国主义不应该决定一个人是想要苹果还是华为)”可知，本文驳斥了有些企业禁止员工使用苹果手机的作法，提出抵制苹果等美国品牌根本不可取，任何人无论使用苹果手机还是华为手机都是个人的喜好和权利，不能用“爱国主义”来绑架。由此推知C项“Can’tForceHuaweitoBeAppleofOne’sEye(不能强迫华为成为掌上明珠)”是本文要表达的观点，即不能通过抵制的手段来迫使人们选择使用华为手机。故选C。（2023·山东济南·统考一模）AccordingtoastudydonebyUniversityofMichigan,shoppingtoreducestresswas40timesmoreeffectiveatgivingpeopleasenseofcontrolandshopperswerethreetimeslesssadthanthoseonlylookingatitems.Morethanhalfofthe1,000consumerssurveyedbyCreditKarma,headresearcherofthestudy,saidtheyhaveshoppedtodealwithfeelingsofstressordepression.About48percentofmenand31percentofwomenwhohavestressshoppingsaidtheyhadpurchasedalcoholwhenstressed.About82percentofwomenspendonclothingcomparedto52percentofmen.Womenalsoleadshoppingforjewellery,42percent,comparedto22percentformen.Insomesense,stressshoppingcanactuallyhelpyouliveahealthierlifebymakingsurethatyourblood

4pressureislowered.Thesurveyfound82percenthadonlypositivefeelingsabouttheirpurchasesandthatthepositivemoodwaslong-lasting.However,stressshopping,formany,couldgrowintoadrivethatusesupmoney,causesconflict,andthereforeaddsgreatstresstolife.Despitethein-timejoyfrompurchases,stressshoppingneverprovesalong-lastingcuretostressordepression.Actuallyitneedstobeavoidedanyhow.Whetheryou’repurchasingChristmaspresentsorbuyinggrocerieshavingtheitemsyouneedwrittendownwillprovideyouwithbrightnesswhileshopping.Rewardyourselfforstickingtoyourlistandyou’llbemorelikelytocommittoit.Inadditionalwaysthinkaboutwhatyoustrugglewithmostfinancially.Doyouspendtoomuchmoneyatthemall?Eatingout?Vacations?Makealistofwhereyourmoneyisgoingandtakenecessarystepstoresistyourdesire.Forexample,ifyouspendtoomuchmoneyondiningoutonweekends,stuffyourcupboardwithfoodonFriday.Soyou’llbemorelikelytostayinandcook.Andyouneedtogiveuptheneedtokeepupwithothers.Everyone’sfinancialsituationisdifferentandcomparisonmayleadtodebtanddissatisfactionwithwhatyoualreadyhave.5．WhydoestheauthormentionthosenumbersinParagraph2?A．Tosupportanidea.B．Toattractreaders.C．Tocallforactions.D．Tointroduceatopic.6．Whichofthefollowingmayhelpdealwithstressshopping?A．Stimulatingdesires.B．Recordingspendings.C．Turningtomedicines.D．Comparingwithothers.7．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetostressshopping?A．Unclear.B．Doubtful.C．Objective.D．Negative.8．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．Doesshoppingbenefitus?B．Morestressed,womenormen?C．Shouldwecomparewithothers?D．Canstressshoppingreducestress?【答案】5．A    6．B    7．D    8．D【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论压力购物是否能真的减轻压力。5．推理判断题。根据第二段“Morethanhalfofthe1,000consumerssurveyedbyCreditKarma,headresearcherofthestudy,saidtheyhaveshoppedtodealwithfeelingsofstressordepression.About48percentofmenand31percentofwomenwhohavestressshoppingsaidtheyhadpurchasedalcoholwhenstressed.About82percentofwomenspendonclothingcomparedto52percentofmen.Womenalsoleadshoppingforjewellery,42percent,comparedto22percentformen.(该研究的首席研究员Credit

5Karma调查了1000名消费者，其中超过一半的人表示，他们曾通过购物来缓解压力或抑郁。大约48%的男性和31%的女性在压力下购物，他们说他们在压力下会买酒。大约82%的女性会在服装上花钱，而男性的这一比例为52%。女性购买珠宝的比例为42%，男性为22%)”可推知，这些数字是为了说明很多人通过购物来缓解压力。故选A。6．细节理解题。根据第四段“Whetheryou’repurchasingChristmaspresentsorbuyinggrocerieshavingtheitemsyouneedwrittendownwillprovideyouwithbrightnesswhileshopping.(无论你是在买圣诞礼物还是买杂货，把你需要的东西写下来都会让你在购物时头脑清醒)”可知，可以记录支出帮助你应对压力购物。故选B。7．推理判断题。根据第三段“However,stressshopping,formany,couldgrowintoadrivethatusesupmoney,causesconflict,andthereforeaddsgreatstresstolife.(然而，对许多人来说，压力购物可能会发展成一种消耗金钱、引起冲突的冲动，因此给生活增加了巨大的压力)”和第四段“Despitethein-timejoyfrompurchases,stressshoppingneverprovesalong-lastingcuretostressordepression.(尽管购物能带来及时的快乐，但压力购物从来没有被证明是一种长期治愈压力或抑郁的方法)”可推知，作者对于压力购物是否定的。故选D。8．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“AccordingtoastudydonebyUniversityofMichigan,shoppingtoreducestresswas40timesmoreeffectiveatgivingpeopleasenseofcontrolandshopperswerethreetimeslesssadthanthoseonlylookingatitems.(根据密歇根大学的一项研究，通过购物来减压能给人40倍的控制感，购物的人比只看东西的人少三倍的悲伤)”和第四段“Despitethein-timejoyfrompurchases,stressshoppingneverprovesalong-lastingcuretostressordepression.(尽管购物能带来及时的快乐，但压力购物从来没有被证明是一种长期治愈压力或抑郁的方法)”可知，本文主要讨论压力购物是否能减轻压力。故选D。（2022·江苏南京·南京市第一中学校考一模）Youlookupattheskyonaclearanddarknight,you’llseemorestarsthanyoureyescancount.Mostofthesestarshaveplanets,similartoourown,orbitingthem.Withsomanycelestialbodiesfloatingoutinspace,youcan’thelpbutquestionwhetherotherformsoflifeexistintheuniverse.Andifthat’sthecase,isitpossibletocontactthem?Scienceisstillsomewhatdividedonthisissue.Currently,noevidenceexiststosuggestthatintelligentlifeexistselsewhereintheuniverse.Yetwithanestimatedonetrillionplanetsinourgalaxyalone,itseemshighlylikelythatEarthlingsaren’ttheonlyintelligentcreaturesoutthere.Someclaimthatlifecanonlydevelopunderperfectcircumstances,andEarthisperhapstheonlyexampleofthis.Otherscientistsobjecttothisclaim,andpointoutthatevenonEarth,lifecanfindawayunderthemostextremecircumstances.Somepeoplebelievethatalienshavealreadyvisitedourplanet,butthisinformationisbeingkeptsecretbygovernments.ThemostfamousincidentofthiskindoccurredinRoswell,NewMexicoin1947.Onthatdate,manyresidentsreportedseeinganunusualflyingdiscstreakthroughthesky,beforeitcrashedinafield.Whenthemilitaryheardaboutthecrash,theyquicklysealedoffthearea.Afewhourslater,thearmybaseannouncedthatithadrecoveredaflyingdisk.Shortlyafter,thisstatementwasretractedanditwassaidthatitwasaweatherballoonthatcrashed.However,yearslateronelocalmorticianevenclaimedthatthemilitaryhadhimsecretlyperformanautopsyonadeadalienbody.

6Othersbelievethattherecertainlyareotherlifeformsoutthere,butthedistancebetweenusistoogreat.Evenifwecouldsomehowcreateaspaceshipthattravelsatthespeedoflight,itwouldstillprobablytakeseverallifetimestoreachthem.Thenagain,wemightneverhavetodothisifaliensreachusfirst.9．Whydosomescientiststhinkthereislifeonotherplanets?A．Becauseanunusualflyingdiscwaseverwitnessed.B．BecauselifeexistsdespiteextremeconditionsasthoseontheEarthdo.C．Becausethegovernment’sstatementseemedsuspicious.D．Becausethereareagreatnumberofplanetsintheuniverse.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“retracted”inparagraph3mean?A．Examinedagaintoguaranteethecorrectness.B．Emphasizedagaintopersuadepeople.C．Formallytakenbackwhathasbeensaid.D．Seriouslycriticizedduetopoorevidence11．Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Arewealoneintheuniverse?B．Isitpossibletocontactaliens?C．Intelligentlifeintheuniverse.D．Planetsfloatingoutinspace.12．Howdoestheauthorsoundinthepassage?A．Objective.B．Humorous.C．Cautious.D．Anxious.【答案】9．D    10．C    11．A    12．A【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了太空中是否还存在其它形式的生命，论述了不同的人对此的不同看法。9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Yetwithanestimatedonetrillionplanetsinourgalaxyalone,itseemshighlylikelythatEarthlingsaren’ttheonlyintelligentcreaturesoutthere.(然而，据估计，仅在我们的星系中就有一万亿颗行星，地球人似乎很有可能不是唯一的智慧生物)”可知，有些科学家认为其他星球上有生命是因为宇宙中有大量的行星。故选D。10．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Afewhourslater,thearmybaseannouncedthatithadrecoveredaflyingdisk.Shortlyafter,thisstatementwas”以及后文“itwassaidthatitwasaweatherballoonthatcrashed(据说是一个气象气球坠毁)”可知，该军事基地宣布他们找到了一个飞碟。不久之后，这一声明被撤回，据说是一个气象气球坠毁。故画线词意思是“正式收回说过的话”，故选C。11．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Withsomanycelestialbodiesfloatingoutinspace,youcan’thelpbutquestionwhetherotherformsoflifeexistintheuniverse.Andifthat’sthecase,isitpossibletocontactthem?(太空中漂浮着这么多天体，你不禁要问宇宙中是否存在其他形式的生命。如果有的话，能联系上他们吗？)”结合文章主要论述了太空中是否还存在其它形式的生命，论述了不同的人对此的不同看法。可知，A选项“我们是宇宙中唯一的存在吗？”最符合文章标题。故选A。

712．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Scienceisstillsomewhatdividedonthisissue.(科学界在这个问题上仍然存在分歧)”；第三段中“Somepeoplebelievethatalienshavealreadyvisitedourplanet,butthisinformationisbeingkeptsecretbygovernments.(有些人认为外星人已经访问过我们的星球，但这些信息被政府保密)”以及最后一段中“Othersbelievethattherecertainlyareotherlifeformsoutthere,butthedistancebetweenusistoogreat.(另一些人认为肯定有其他生命形式存在，但我们之间的距离太大了)”可推知，文中没有提到作者的观点，即作者是客观的语气。故选A。（2022·湖北襄阳·襄阳五中校考一模）IhavefrequentlytaughtResearchMethodsandDesigntocollegestudentsatseveralinstitutions.Iloveteachingthiscourse.Onereason,ofcourse,isthatIenjoythinkingaboutresearchmethodology(方法学)andsharingitwithothers.Theotherreason,however,istheobviousimpactthatithasonstudents.Everyterm,one(ifnotmore)studenttellsmehowtakingthiscoursehasaffectedhim/her:“Iusedtojustreadarticlesandbelievewhattheysaid,butnowIfindmyselfasking‘Isthistrue?Howdotheyknow?Isthisawelldesignedstudy?’”ThatiswhatIwantthestudentstoachieveinthiscourse.ThisbringstomindsomethingwrittenbyDorothyL.Sayersin1948.Oneofherbooks,TheLostToolsofLearningspeakstoSayers’thoughtsoneducation.“Byteachingouryoungmenandwomentoread,wehaveleftthematthemercyoftheprintedwords.Bytheinventionofthefilmandtheradio,wehavemadecertainthatnodislikeforreadingshallprotectthemfromtheconstantbatteryofwords,words,words.Theydonotknowwhatthewordsmean:theyarevictimstowordsintheiremotionsinsteadofbeingthemastersofthemintheirintelligence.”Wearewellpastthe1940s,butherobservationisstillrelevant.Sayers’pointiswelltaken.Intheworldof24-hournewsandsocialmediathatoftenresemblestheWildWest,theabilitytocarryoutevaluationshasneverbeenmoreimportant.Inordertoresistthedistortionswithwhichweareconstantlybombedinthemedia,aswellasbeabletopresentapersuasiveargument,wemustbeabletoreasonwell,andthinkandgiveajudgementcarefully.WhenmystudentsbegintheResearchMethodsandDesigncourse,theyaregenerallynotcontenttoreadallthoseresearcharticleIgive.However,bytheendofthecourse,theyareexcitedabouttheirnewlyobtainedabilities.13．Whatistheauthor’scoursegoalforherstudents?A．Readingmorebooks.B．Thinkingcritically.C．Designingstudieswell.D．Questioningthemselves.14．WhatdidSayersimplyabouteducation?A．Itwasbeneficialtolearners’development.B．Itwasconventionalbyteachinglearnerstoread.

8C．Itwassatisfyingwiththeinventionoffilmandvideo.D．Itwasworryingbecauselearnersweresubjecttowords.15．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“distortions”inparagraph3referto?A．Popularnews.B．Variousevaluations.C．Misleadinginformation.D．Persuasivearguments.16．What’sthepurposeofthetext?A．Toreviewabook.B．Tointroduceawriter.C．Tocriticizesocialmedia.D．Tosuggestapracticalskill.【答案】13．B    14．D    15．C    16．D【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了人们应该学会批判性思考。13．推理判断题。由第一段中的“Everyterm,one(ifnotmore)studenttellsmehowtakingthiscoursehasaffectedhim/her:“Iusedtojustreadarticlesandbelievewhattheysaid,butnowIfindmyselfasking‘Isthistrue?Howdotheyknow?Isthisawelldesignedstudy?’”ThatiswhatIwantthestudentstoachieveinthiscourse.（每学期，一名（如果不是更多的话）学生都会告诉我这门课程对他/她的影响：“我过去只是读文章，相信他们说的话，但现在我发现自己在问‘这是真的吗？他们怎么知道的？这是一个精心设计的研究吗？’那就是我想要学生们在这门课程的达到的”）”可知作者的课程主要就是要让学生学会批判性的思考。故选B项。14．推理判断提。由第二段中的“Byteachingouryoungmenandwomentoread,wehaveleftthematthemercyoftheprintedwords.Bytheinventionofthefilmandtheradio,wehavemadecertainthatnodislikeforreadingshallprotectthemfromtheconstantbatteryofwords,words,words.Theydonotknowwhatthewordsmean:theyarevictimstowordsintheiremotionsinsteadofbeingthemastersofthemintheirintelligence.（通过教我们的年轻男女阅读，我们让他们任由印刷文字摆布。通过电影和收音机的发明，我们已经确定，对阅读的厌恶不会保护他们不受单词、单词、单词的不断冲击。他们不知道这些词语的含义：他们是情感词语的受害者，而不是在智力上是词语的主人。）”可知，Sayers认为教育让年轻任印刷文字的摆布，他们情感上是文字的受害者，在智力上未成为文字的主人，说明当时的教育状况是让人担忧的，因为学习者被文字支配。故选D项。15．词义猜测题。由第三段中“Intheworldof24-hournewsandsocialmediathatoftenresemblestheWildWest,theabilitytocarryoutevaluationshasneverbeenmoreimportant.Inordertoresistthedistortionswithwhichweareconstantlybombedinthemedia,aswellasbeabletopresentapersuasiveargument,wemustbeabletoreasonwell,andthinkandgiveajudgementcarefully.（在一个24小时新闻和社交媒体的世界里，开展评估的能力从未像现在这样重要。为了抵制媒体不断用distortions轰炸我们，以及能够提出有说服力的论点，我们必须能够很好地推理，仔细思考和作出判断）”以及选项A.Popularnews流行新闻;B.Variousevaluations各种评估;C.Misleadinginformation误导信息;D.Persuasive

9arguments有说服力的论点。可知只有误导信息符合文意。故选C项。16．推理判断题。由第一段中的“Everyterm,one(ifnotmore)studenttellsmehowtakingthiscoursehasaffectedhim/her:“Iusedtojustreadarticlesandbelievewhattheysaid,butnowIfindmyselfasking‘Isthistrue?Howdotheyknow?Isthisawelldesignedstudy?’”ThatiswhatIwantthestudentstoachieveinthiscourse.（每学期，一名（如果不是更多的话）学生都会告诉我这门课程对他/她的影响：“我过去只是读文章，相信他们说的话，但现在我发现自己在问‘这是真的吗？他们怎么知道的？这是一个精心设计的研究吗？’）”和第三段中的“Inordertoresistthedistortionswithwhichweareconstantlybombedinthemedia,aswellasbeabletopresentapersuasiveargument,wemustbeabletoreasonwell,andthinkandgiveajudgementcarefully.（为了抵制媒体不断用误导信息轰炸我们，以及能够提出有说服力的论点，我们必须能够很好地推理，仔细思考和作出判断）”可知，第一段学生说的话表明，学生听完老师的课，学会对所读文章进行反思，质疑文章的真实性等，结合第三段作者建议人们仔细地思考再做出判断，说明作者想让学生在他的课上学会批判性思考。再结合最后一段中的“However,bytheendofthecourse,theyareexcitedabouttheirnewlyobtainedabilities.（然而，在课程结束时，他们对自己新获得的能力感到兴奋。）”可知，作者的写作目的在于建议读者掌握一项实用技能——批判性思考。故选D项。（2022·黑龙江哈尔滨·哈九中校考模拟预测）Acrossthefashionindustry,manytopdesignershavefacedaccusationsofculturalappropriation(挪用).DesignerJaneKellock,whohasworkedwithbrandssuchasTopshop,saidshedoesn’tbelievedesignersdeliberatelygoouttoripoff(剽窃)cultures.“Designisamish-mash(大杂烩)ofdifferentstyles,cultures,ideas—andthat’swhatmakesitinteresting,”shesaid.“Ireally,genuinelydon’tthinkthatdesignerslookatotherculturesandthink‘I’mjustgoingtocopythatandI’mgoingtoripoffthatculture’.”DrSerkanDelice,alecturerinculturalandhistoricalstudiesattheLondonCollegeofFashion,iscurrentlyresearchingthedebateoverfashionandculturalappropriation.Hesaidthatfashiondesignersareoftenaccusedofculturalappropriationbecauseofthespeedatwhichtheindustrymoves.“Inmostcases,unfortunately,designersdon’tevenhavetimetoundertakeproperresearchandappreciateaculture.”Onequestionthatoftencomesupwhenthechataroundculturalappropriationhappensis:“Whataboutpeopleofcolorwearingclothesdesignedbywhitepeople?”In2016,designerMarcJacobsappearedtodefendhisdecisiontostylewhitemodelsindreadlocks(细发辫).Respondingtothecriticism,acommentfromhisofficialaccountsaid:“Funnyhowyoudon’tcriticizewomenofcolorforstraighteningtheirhair.”DrDelicesaidculturalappropriationonly“happenswhentherearepowerinequalitiesbetweendifferentcultures”.“Wearestilllivinginaworldwherewhitepeopleandinstitutionsaremuchmorepowerfulthanblackandbrownpeopleandtheirinstitutions.Soitwouldn’tbeculturalappropriationbecauseculturalappropriation

10impliesthatamorepowerfulcultureisusinganotherlesspowerfulculture.”Sowhatshoulddesignersdo?DrDelicebelievesthatdesignersshouldmakesurepeoplefromdifferentculturestakepartinproducingtheclothesthatareinspiredbythem.“That’stheonlysolution.Inotherwords,ifyou’redoingarunwayshow(时装秀),thenyouneedtousetheoriginalinhabitantsofthatregion,orintheproductionprocess.”17．WhatdoesJaneKellockthinkmakesdesigninteresting?A．Theculturesitreflects.B．Itsimpactonculture.C．Themixtureofvariouselements.D．Itsfocusonculturalexchange.18．WhydofashiondesignersoftenfaceaccusationsofculturalappropriationaccordingtoSerkanDelice?A．Theydeliberatelycopydifferentcultures.B．Theyshowlittlerespectforcertaincultures.C．Theylayemphasisonpowerfulcultures.D．Theydon’thavetimetofullyappreciateothercultures.19．DesignerMarcJacobsismentionedinthetexttoprovethat________.A．culturalappropriationshouldn’tbecriticizedB．thepowerfulculturesaremorevaluedbydesignersC．usingelementsfromotherculturesisn’tculturalappropriationD．culturalappropriationoccurswheninequalityexistsbetweencultures20．WhatdoesDrDelicethinkdesignersshoulddo?A．Getinspirationfromdifferentcultures.B．Getthesourceoftheirinspirationsinvolvedintheproductionprocess.C．Organizemorerunwayshowswithlocalelements.D．Learnabouttheoriginsofculturesfromlocalresidents.【答案】17．C    18．D    19．D    20．B【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是在整个时尚行业，许多顶级设计师都面临着文化挪用的指控以及一些人对文化挪用的看法。17．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Designisamish-mash(大杂烩)ofdifferentstyles,cultures,ideas—andthat’swhatmakesitinteresting(设计是不同风格、文化和想法的混合体——这就是它有趣的地方)”可知，JaneKellock认为是各种元素的混合让设计变得有趣。故选C。18．推理判断题。根据第三段的“Inmostcases,unfortunately,designersdon’tevenhavetimetoundertakeproperresearchandappreciateaculture.(不幸的是，在大多数情况下，设计师甚至没有时间进行适当的研究，欣赏一种文化。)”可知，Serkan

11Delice认为，时装设计师经常面临文化挪用的指控是因为他们没有时间去充分欣赏其他文化。故选D。19．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“DrDelicesaidculturalappropriationonly“happenswhentherearepowerinequalitiesbetweendifferentcultures”.(德莱斯博士说，文化挪用只会“在不同文化之间存在权力不平等时发生”。)”可知，文中提到的设计师马克·雅可布就是为了证明当文化之间存在不平等时，才会出现文化挪用，故选D。20．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“DrDelicebelievesthatdesignersshouldmakesurepeoplefromdifferentculturestakepartinproducingtheclothesthatareinspiredbythem.(德莱斯博士认为，设计师应该确保来自不同文化背景的人参与到服装的制作中来，并从中获得灵感。)”可知，Delice博士认为设计师应该在生产过程中获得他们的灵感来源。故选B。（2023·江西·江西师大附中校考三模）WhenIsteppedintotheSamcheongParkLibraryinSeoul,Isawthefuture.Thesimplebuildinghadaniceselectionofbooksandacafewherereaderscouldenjoycoffeewhilegazingattheleavesoutside.Itwasspecificallydesignedwithoutanylatesttechnology.“What’ssoinnovative(创新的)aboutthat?”alibrarianinTorontoaskedwhenIshowedherpictures.Innovationtohermeantdigitaltechnology,like3Dprinters.“Whycouldn’ttheybothbeinnovative?”Iasked.Weareconstantlytoldthatinnovationisthemostimportantforceinoureconomy,withoutwhichwewouldbeleftbehind.Butthatfearofmissingouthasledustofallintothefalsetrappingsofinnovationovertrulyinnovativeideasthatmaybesimplerandmoreeffective.Thismindsetimpliesthatifyoujustbuythenewthing,youhaveinnovated!Eachyear,businessesandindividualsrunaroundlikebrokentoyrobots,tryingtofigureouttheirstrategyforthelatestbuzzwordequipment.Atbest,thisisawasteofresource.Devicesarebought,usedandabandoned,asthetechnology’scapabilitiesfallshortofitspromise.Butatitsworst,thisapproachcantrulycausedamage.Schoolscutfieldtripstopurchasetabletswithfewprovenbenefits.CompaniesthatappliedAIintohiringhaveactuallystrengthenedgenderandracialprejudices.Trueinnovationisn’tjustsomemagicdevices.Itisacontinuingprocessofreflectionandreassessment,whichoftenmeansadopting“old”ideasandtoolsinanewcontext,orevenreturningtomethodsthatworkedinthepast.Adjustedproperly,theserearview(后视的)innovationshaveprovedastransformativeasnoveltechnologies.LooknofartherthanthestreetsofNewYork,whichhavebeenredesignedrecentlytoaccommodatecyclistswithcar-freezones.Theideaisn’tnew.Itwascreatedhalfacenturyago,withtheaimofbringingcitiesbacktotheirresidents.Andwhilee-readersaleshavebeenexploding,Penguinjustannounceditwouldpublishtinyprintedbooks,anidealsolutionforamarketdemandingbothconvenienceandphysicality.21．Whyisalibrarianmentioned?

12A．Tosetanexample.B．Tociteanauthority.C．Tomakeaprediction.D．Topresentanargument.22．Whatdoestheunderlined“buzzword”meaninPara.3?A．Fashionable.B．Affordable.C．Practical.D．Imaginative.23．Whatdoesthewriteragreewithaboutinnovation?A．Innovationoftenleadstowastedresourcesandevendamage.B．Innovationissupportedbynewtechnologyandmagicdevices.C．Innovationreflectstheprogressoftechnologyandeconomy.D．Innovationismoreaboutthewayofthinkingthanequipmentweuse.24．Whatisprobablythebesttitleofthetext?A．Thekeytosuccessofbusiness—innovationB．FutureLiesinreturningtothepastC．SomebestideasareintherearviewmirrorD．Innovation:animportantforceineconomy【答案】21．D    22．A    23．D    24．C【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是什么是真正的创新。21．推理判断题。根据第二段的“‘What’ssoinnovativeaboutthat?’alibrarianinTorontoaskedwhenIshowedherpictures.Innovationtohermeantdigitaltechnology,like3Dprinters.“Whycouldn’ttheybothbeinnovative?”Iasked.(‘这有什么创新之处？’当我给多伦多的一位图书管理员看照片时，她问道。对她来说，创新意味着数字技术，比如3D打印机。‘为什么它们两者不能都定义为创新呢？’我问)”可知，作者和这位图书管理员对创新的看法不一致。由此推知，提到图书管理员的目的是为了提出论点，即到底什么是真正的创新，故选D。22．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“Thismindsetimpliesthatifyoujustbuythenewthing,youhaveinnovated!(这种心态意味着，如果你只是买了新东西，你就已经创新了！)”可知，很多人认为如果买了新的东西，就意味着创新了，因此每年，企业和个人都试图为最新的时髦设备提出自己的策略，因此划线词buzzword的意思是“时髦的”，与fashionable同义。故选A。23．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Trueinnovationisn’tjustsomemagicdevices.Itisacontinuingprocessofreflectionandreassessment,whichoftenmeansadopting“old”ideasandtoolsinanewcontext,orevenreturningtomethodsthatworkedinthepast.(真正的创新不仅仅是一些神奇的设备。这是一个不断反思和重新评估的过程，这通常意味着在新的环境中采用‘旧的’思想和工具，甚至回到过去有效的方法)”推知，作者认为创新是要在新环境中用不断反思，在新的环境中用“旧的”思想和工具，而不是我们使用的设备。故选D。24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第二段的“Trueinnovationisn’tjustsomemagicdevices.Itisa

13continuingprocessofreflectionandreassessment,whichoftenmeansadopting“old”ideasandtoolsinanewcontext,orevenreturningtomethodsthatworkedinthepast.Adjustedproperly,theserearview(后视的)innovationshaveprovedastransformativeasnoveltechnologies.(真正的创新不只是一些神奇的设备。这是一个不断反思和重新评估的过程，这通常意味着在新的环境中采用‘旧的’思想和工具，甚至回到过去有效的方法。经过适当调整，这些后视镜创新被证明与新技术一样具有变革性。)”可知，本文讨论的是真正的创新。一些创新和创新想法是使用有效的旧思想和工具创造的。C选项“一些好的想法存在在后视镜中”能够概括文章大意，且具有新颖性。故选C。（2023·吉林长春·长春市实验中学校考模拟预测）JustasThanoswipedouthalfoftheuniverse’spopulationbyclickinghisfingers,soclicksofonlineshoppershavedestroyedlargenumbersofonceboomingbrick-and-mortarshops(实体店).Theemergenceandpopularityofonlineshoppingindicatesthedarkesthourofphysicalstores.ReadingtheprofitannouncementsoflargeretailstoreslikeWalmartandRT-martisaboutasfrustratingasatourofanICU(intensivecareunit).TheInternetisapparentlytakingdownyetanotherindustry.TheChineseCensusBureaureleaseddatashowingthatonlinesaleshitthetargetofmorethan500billionRMBin“Double11”thisyear.Althoughmanythinkthedownfallofsomephysicalstoresarisesfromtheirfailuretokeepupwithtimes,itdoesn’tfitthefactthattheymadeeveryendeavourtoreinventthemselves.AstheCEOofCarrefourbasedinChinaonceputit,“Wehadbeenscratchingourheads.Weusedtheinternet-connectedtoolstoinnovateabouteverythingourbranchesdidfrommanagingstockofgoods,marketingtogettingpaid.Ontopofthat,theydeliveredgoodstohousesfreeofcharge.Theymaximizedtheirstaff’shospitalitytowardscustomers.Buthospitalitypaledincomparisontothegreatconveniencetheonlineshoppinghasbrought.WalmartinHangzhouuseddrones(无人机)todropwhatcustomershadboughtduringthelockdownofCOVID-19.Somestrugglingphysicalstoreshaveopenedonlinestores,suchasSuning,sopeoplewillcometothemdirectlyratherthantoTmall,TaobaoandJDplatforms.Buteveniftheygetonlinetraffic,theyarejuststrugglingtomakeenoughmoneyonlinetocompensateforwhattheyarelosingoffline.TheirnarrowrangeofproductscateringtotheneedsofcustomersistheirAchilles’heel.Despitethedisadvantagesphysicalstoresarehaving,thebrickandclickcompetitionwon’tdisappearintheforeseeablefuture.WillonlineshoppingcontinuetobeDavid?MaybeGoliathcanturnthetable.Whoknows?25．TheunderlinedwordsinParagraph2intendto________.A．clarifywhatintensivecareisB．stresstheimportanceofhospitalsC．showphysicalstores’poorfinanceD．arousereaders’interestine-shopping26．Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thedownfallofphysicalstores.B．Theuseofinternet-connectedtools.

14C．Thegreateffortsphysicalstoresmade.D．Theapplicationofadvancedtechnology.27．WhatcanweinferaboutSuningfromthefourthparagraph?A．Itlacksproductdiversity.B．Itnevermakesendsmeet.C．Itisnotedforitsonlineclicks.D．ItmakesmoreprofitthanTmall.28．Inwhichsectionofawebsitecanweprobablyreadthetext?A．Showbusiness.B．Culturesandcustoms.C．Shoppingguidance.D．Opinionsandviewpoints.【答案】25．C    26．C    27．A    28．D【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了实体店现处的劣势及实体店为改变劣势而做出的诸多尝试。25．词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“TheInternetisapparentlytakingdownyetanotherindustry.(显然，互联网正在摧毁另一个行业)”可知，作者描写“asfrustratingasatourofanICU(就像参观重症监护室一样令人沮丧)”是为了更加生动形象地说明实体店糟糕的经营状况。故选C项。26．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Althoughmanythinkthedownfallofsomephysicalstoresarisesfromtheirfailuretokeepupwithtimes,itdoesn’tfitthefactthattheymadeeveryendeavourtoreinventthemselves.(虽然很多人认为一些实体店的衰败是因为他们跟不上时代，但这并不符合他们竭尽全力重塑自我的事实)”以及下文实体店做出努力可知，第三段主要讲述了实体店为改善现状做出的巨大努力。故选C项。27．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“TheirnarrowrangeofproductscateringtotheneedsofcustomersistheirAchilles’heel.(他们迎合顾客需求的产品种类有限，这是他们的致命弱点)”可知，苏宁缺少产品多样性。故选A项。28．推理判断题。根据全文内容可，文章主要议论了实体店在现在的诸多劣势及实体店为改变劣势而做出的诸多尝试。文章最后一段“Despitethedisadvantagesphysicalstoresarehaving,thebrickandclickcompetitionwon’tdisappearintheforeseeablefuture.(尽管实体店存在诸多劣势，但在可预见的未来，实体店和线上店之间的竞争不会消失)”有确定的观点。所以可以推断，本文在网站的“意见和观点”部分可以阅读到。故选D项。（2022·安徽蚌埠·统考模拟预测）OnTuesday,theHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionsaw7,596newCOVID-19cases,thefourthdaywithnewinfectionslowerthan10,000.That’sstillabignumber,butmuchbetterthan20,000or80,000dailyinfectionsearlierandatthepeak.ThefifthwaveofCOVID-19isfinallypeaking,withtheendnotsofaraway.Behindthatpositivechangearethetirelesseffortsofthecentralgovernmentandthepeopleonthemainland.AsearlyasFeb17,thecentralgovernmentdispatchedthefirstteamofexpertstoHongKongtohelp,followedbyabundantsuppliesofmedicalequipmentandmaterials.ThatmakesitespeciallyabsurdforaBloombergcommentatortoclaim“thecityislosingitsDNA”.Hong

15Kong’sDNAliesinthatofChina,nottheWest.Respectforlife,valuingpeople’slivesandsavinglivesatallcostsisamongthevaluesofChinafromancienttomoderntimes.WhenitcomestoCOVID-19,theonlypriorityistosavelivesandavoidmorelosses,forwhichtemporarylockdownsofcommunitiesandsuspendingflightsareacceptablemeasures.Bysayingsuchmeasures“restrictpeople’sfreedom”,mediaoutletsnotonlydistort(歪曲)theeffortsoftheChinesepeople,butalsomisreadChina.Theyignorepeople’slives,whichispartlywhythedeathscausedbyCOVID-19havebeenover1millionintheUS.Itstotalinfectionsanddeathsboth“lead”theworld,whichcouldhavebeenavoidedhadtheUSlearnedsomelessonsfromChina.WithCOVID-19inHongKongonthedownswing,thecityislooseningitsmandatory(强制性的)measures,anyway.That’showfreedomisensured.Notbystandingdoingnothingandwatchingpeopledie,butbytakingeffectivemeasurestoprotectthepeoplesoCOVID-19isputundercontrol.29．WhydoesthewriterlistoutthenumbersinParagraph1?A．Tointroducetheexactnumbersofthediseasevictims.B．ToillustratetheseriousnessofthediseaseinHongKong.C．ToshowHongKong’sachievementsagainstCOVID-19.D．ToprovethesuccessfulendofCOVID-19inHongKong.30．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dispatched”inParagraph2mean?A．Assigned.B．Coached.C．Joined.D．Inspected.31．Whatcanweinferaboutthewriterfromthetext?A．Hehasstrongprejudiceagainstforeigncultures.B．HehascompleteconfidenceinChineseculture.C．HetoleratesthemisunderstandingaboutChina.D．Heunderstandspeople’sdifferentvaluesoflife.32．Whichsectionofanewspaperisthetexttakenfrom?A．Entertainment.B．Lifestyle.C．Business.D．Opinion.【答案】29．C    30．A    31．B    32．D【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要对比了中外对抗击疫情的不同观念，一些外国媒体歪曲与误解中国抗疫措施，而作者则坚定地相信与认可中华文化自古以来就尊重生命的观念与做法。29．推理判断题。根据第一段“OnTuesday,theHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionsaw7,596newCOVID-19cases,thefourthdaywithnewinfectionslowerthan10,000.(周二，香港特别行政区新增新冠肺炎病例7596例，这是新增感染病例低于10000例的第四天。)”及“That’sstillabignumber,butmuchbetterthan20,000or80,000dailyinfectionsearlierandatthe

16peak.(这仍然是一个很大的数字，但比早期每天20000和高峰时期每天80000例感染要好得多。)”可知，这些数字表明近期香港新增病例减少了很多，这是其抗疫的成果。C项“ToshowHongKong’sachievementsagainstCOVID-19.(展示香港抗击疫情的成果。)”为作者列举数字的原因。故选C项。30．词义猜测题。根据第二段第二句“thecentralgovernmentdispatchedthefirstteamofexpertstoHongKongtohelp(中央政府……第一个专家小组前往香港提供帮助)”可猜测，中央政府派出了第一个专家小组前往香港提供帮助，即“dispatched”意为“派遣，派出”。A.Assigned派遣；B.Coached训练；C.Joined加入；D.Inspected检查。故选A项。31．推理判断题。根据第三段“Respectforlife,valuingpeople’slivesandsavinglivesatallcostsisamongthevaluesofChinafromancienttomoderntimes.(尊重生命，重视人的生命，不惜一切代价挽救生命，是中国从古到今的价值观之一。)”及第四段“Bysayingsuchmeasures“restrictpeople’sfreedom”,mediaoutletsnotonlydistort(歪曲)theeffortsoftheChinesepeople,butalsomisreadChina.(媒体称这些措施“限制了人们的自由”，这不仅歪曲了中国人民的努力，也误解了中国。)”可知，作者不赞同外国媒体对中国采取的抗疫措施的看法，而非常认可尊重生命的中华文化，对中华文化充满信心。故选B项。32．推理判断题。本文首先展示了香港抗击疫情的显著成果，及中央政府和大陆的人们对香港的帮助，然后对比了中外对抗击疫情的不同观念，一些外国媒体歪曲与误解中国抗疫措施，而作者则坚定地相信与认可中华文化自古以来就尊重生命的观念与做法。所以这篇文章可能来自报纸的观点版块。故选D项。

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