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1、超现实主义Surrealistfilm 1920年兴起于法国,主要是将意象做特异的、不合逻辑的安排,以表现人类潜意识的种种状态。路易斯.布纽尔的《安达鲁之犬》可以算是早期超现实主义电影的经典作品。而超现实主义电影的兴起旨在反抗写实主义与传统艺术,领导人安德烈.布列东的一篇宣言中提到:「一种纯粹的心灵自动作用,在此作用之下,试著以语言、文字或其它任何方式,来表现思想真正的运作情形。」后来超现实主义成为实验电影与地下电影的重要源头,如美国的玛雅.黛伦与肯尼斯.安格。商业电影中超现实主义并不是主要派别,只出现在个别导演的电影中,如伍迪.艾伦。 Surrealism
2、(n.)isastyleofartandliteraturedevelopedprincipallyinthe20thcentury,stressingthesubconsciousornonrationalsignificanceofimageryarrivedatbyautomatismortheexploitationofchanceeffects,unexpectedjuxtapositions,etc. Surrealismisastyleinwhichfantasticalvisualimageryfromthesubconsciousmindis
3、usedwithnointentionofmakingtheworklogicallycomprehensible.FoundedbyAndreBretonin1924,itwasaprimarilyEuropeanmovementthatattractedmanymembersofthechaoticDadamovement.Itwassimilarinsomeelementstothemystical19th-centurySymbolistmovement,butwasdeeplyinfluencedbythepsychoanalyticworkofFre
4、udandJung.Futurism(未来主义)wasaninternationalartmovementfoundedinItalyin1909.Itwas(andis)arefreshingcontrasttotheweepysentimentalismofRomanticism.TheFuturistslovedspeed,noise,machines,pollution,andcities;theyembracedtheexcitingnewworldthatwasthenuponthemratherthanhypocriticallyenjoyingt
5、hemodernworld’scomfortswhileloudlydenouncingtheforcesthatmadethempossible.Fearingandattackingtechnologyhasbecomealmostsecondnaturetomanypeopletoday;theFuturistmanifestosshowusanalternativephilosophy。Expressionism(表现主义)inthevisual,literary,andperformingarts,amovementortendencythatstri
6、vestoexpresssubjectivefeelingsandemotionsratherthantodepictrealityornatureobjectively. Expressionismusedtodescribetheworksofartandliteratureinwhichtherepresentationofrealityisdistortedtocommunicateinnervision,transformingnatureratherthanimitatingit;/inliterature,tobeconsideredarevol
7、tagainstrealismandnaturalism,aseekingtoachieveapsychologicalorspiritualrealityratherthantorecordexternalevents;/indrama,theexpressionistworkwascharacterizedbyabizarredistortionofreality;/themovement,thoughshort-lived,giveimpetustoafreeformofwritingandoftheatricalproduction.Post-Impre
8、ssionism Po