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英汉语言差异性特征对比 Syntheticvs.AnalyticHypotacticvs.ParatacticCompactvs.DiffusiveSubjectprominentvs.Topic-prominentChroniclevs.Non-chronicleStativevs.Dynamic Syntheticvs.Analytic综合与分析 Theytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。syntheticanalytic Syntheticvs.AnalyticAsyntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.Ananalyticlanguageis“characterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms”. FeatureofEnglishasaSyntheticLanguage英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多采的语言关系和逻辑关系。形态变化包括性(gender)、数(number)、格(case)、时(tense)、体(aspect)、语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degreeofcomparison)、人称(person)、词性(partsofspeech)。FeatureofChineseasanAnalyticLanguage汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗含逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。 Practice1.听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。Icouldhavelaughedtohearhimtalklikethis.2.Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。3.李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原因去了深圳。ProfessorLihadplannedtoworkherefortherestofhislife,butnowhehasbeentoShenzhenforreasons.4.一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。Verysoonhewassurroundedbyacrowdandwassnowedunderwithquestions. Hypotacticvs.Paratactic形合与意合 孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。”Menciussaid,“IlikefishandIalsolikebear’spaws.IfIcannothavethetwotogether,Iwillletthefishgoandtakethebear’spaws.Inasimilarway,Ilikelife,andIalsolikerighteousness.IfIcannothavethetwotogether,Iwillgiveupmylifetopreserverighteousness.”paratactichypotactic Hypotacticvs.ParatacticTheAmericanHeritageDictionarydefineshypotaxisas“thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclauseswithconnectives”,forexample,Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.TheWorldBookDictionarydefinesparataxisas“thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem”,forexample,Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewashedaway. 在不同的语言中，句子内部连接或外部链接几乎都是用三种手段：句法手段（syntacticdevices）词汇手段（lexicalequivalence）语义手段（semanticconnection）用前两种手段连接成为形合（hypotaxis）,用后一种手段连接成为意合（parataxis）。 FeatureofEnglishasahypotacticLanguage英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应(overtcohesion)，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的形合手段：关系词和连接词、介词、其他连接手段，广泛使用代词，以及替补词it和there等等。FeatureofChineseasaparatacticLanguage汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯(covertcoherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段：语序；反复、排比、对偶、对照等；紧缩句；四字格。 试比较以下的英汉句子：1.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。Evenifthemonkcanrunaway,histemplecannotrunwithhim.2.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.3.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?4.好好学习，天天向上。Studyhard,andmakeprogresseveryday. Practice1.WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。2.抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。Oncetheprincipalcontradictionisgrasped,allproblemscanbereadilysolved.3.不进则退。Hewhodoesnotadvancefallsbackward./Moveforward,oryou’llfallbehind. Compactvs.Diffusive聚集与流散 Theboy,whowascryingasifhisheartwouldbreak,said,whenIspoketohim,thathewasveryhungrybecausehehadhadnofoodfortwodays.男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。compactdiffusive FeaturesofEnglishasaCompactLanguage句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”(compactness)。结构严谨,通常由名词性短语和动词性短语构成;主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的中心，两者协调一致提纲挈领，聚集各种关系网络。英语句子先把主要信息以“主、谓、宾（表）”的语法主干形式突出地表达出来，尔后再运用动词不定式、分词短语、从句、独立结构或其他语法手段来表现次要信息或用连词、介词来衔接。 汉语的主语不仅形式多样，而且可有可无。谓语也复杂多样,可以是动词、名词或形容词可以是一个动词，也可以是多个动词，还可以没动词；可以是一个单词，也可以是多个词组。汉语句式松散，句与句之间缺少连接成分，所表现的信息往往从语法外形上主次不分，善用流水句，常常把主要信息和次要信息的区别暗含在短句的并列之中。FeaturesofChineseasaDiffusiveLanguage汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”（diffusiveness）。 1.Hewasstruckbyherpowerfulprofile,herrichblackhairfallingfreelyontohershoulders,theintensityofherdarkeyes.他一下子为她的出众长相所倾倒了：她一头乌发披肩，飘逸潇洒，一双黑眸炯炯有神。2.他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直接下手，真要令我笑死。Allthesepeoplewantingtoeathumanfleshandatthesametimestealthilytryingtokeepupappearances,notdaringtoactpromptly,reallymademenearlydieoflaughter. Practice1.玛丽没有被邀请去参加宴会，心里很难受。Maryfeltsadnottohavebeeninvitedtothebanquet.2.许多房子，盖着琉璃瓦，曲曲折折，无数的朱红栏杆。Manyhouseswereroofedwithglazedtilesandsetwithinwindingredbalustrades.3.Thekaleidoscopeofshiftinginterestsofthenationsduringthenegotiationmadeitimpossibletosortoutthe“winners”and“losers”.谈判期间，各国的利益变化不定，好像万花筒似的，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者”，谁是“输家”。 Subjectprominentvs.Topic-prominent主语显著与主题显著 汉语是一种“话题突出”的语言，基本格式为”话题语+评论语“，而英语是一种主语突出的语言，突出的是句子的主语，而且两种语言在表达形式上也相去甚远。 小尼姑之流，阿Q向来是视为草芥的。AhQalwayslooksdownuponthepersonslikelittleBuddhistnun.Topic-prominentSubject-prominet Iknewnothingaboutit.A:我对这件事一点也不知道。B:这件事我一点儿都不知道。Wehavebiggerhousesandsmallerfamilies;moreconveniences,butlesstime;wehavemoredegrees,butlesscommonsenses;moreknowledge,butlessjudgment;moreexperts,butmorequestions;moremedicine,butlesswellness.房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利的设施越来越多，自由的时间却越来越少；学位越来越高，生活常识却越来越薄；获得的知识越来越丰富，对事物的判断却越来越缺少；所谓的专家一个接一个，问题却层出不穷；发明的药物一种赛一种，健康却每况愈下。 Practice1.薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。Ittookhimsuchalongtimeoftwomonthstofinishsuchathinbook.2.在建造一座大桥前，必须考虑到金属受热膨胀这一因素。Theexpasionofmetalsonheatingmustbetakenintoconsiderationbeforealongmetalbridgeisbuilt.3.她一看到他就生气。Theverysightofhimmakesherangry. Chroniclevs.Non-chronicle剪辑式与临摹式 HegottoTaiyuanfromShanghaibytrainviaJinan.ChronicalNon-chronicalHOME他从上海坐火车经过济南到太原。 英语和汉语的简单句语序都是SVO.剪辑式与临摹式是就复杂句而言。所谓剪辑式与临摹式是就英汉两种语言的词序而言的。临摹式指句子语序与事情发生的先后顺序一致，而剪辑式语言中，句子的语序不一定与事情发生的先后顺序一致。汉语是临摹式语言，英语式剪辑式语言。 除状语从句之外，定语从句的位置也有所不同。英语中，定语从句一般放在右边。称为RightBranchingDirection,但汉语中，一般放在左边称为LeftBranchingDirection.如:ThemusicianwhoplayedatconcertisfromChina.在音乐会上演奏的那位音乐家是从中国来的。 汉语的时间，逻辑顺序常常按照由先到后，由因到果，由假设到推断，由事实到结论这样的顺序排列。而英语则借助形态变化和丰富的连接词语。结构灵活，跳跃，顺序多变。英汉两种语言这种差异性特征使其从句语序也有一定的差异，就原因状语从句而言，汉语一般是放在主句之前的，而英语中，除since引导的原因状语从句外，其他的一般后置。他意识到由于他的一番话，她哭了。Herealizedthatshewascryingbecauseofwhathehadsaid. Stativevs.Dynamic动态与静态 这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他们撑着雨伞，攀沿一个弯曲的山间小道去拜望一位隐居在深山的朋友。Theywalkedwithumbrellasupawindingmountainpathonadrizzlingandwindyautumnafternoonforavisittoafriendlivinginseclusion…dynamicStative Broadlyspeaking,nounscanbecharacterizednaturallyas‘stative’inthattheyrefertoentitiesthatareregardedasstable,whethertheseareconcrete(physical)likehouse,table,paper,orabstract(ofthemind)likehope,botany,length.Attheoppositepole,verbscanbeequallynaturallycharacterizedas‘dynamic’:theyarefitted(bytheircapacitytoshowtenseandaspect,forexample)toindicateaction,activityandtemporaryorchangingconditions.Connotationsof‘stative’and‘dynamic’ FeaturesofEnglishasaStativeLanguage名词化（Nominalization）是英语常见的现象Shehasafirmconvictionthatshewillovercomeallthedifficulties.她坚信她会克服所有的困难。用名词表示施事者（Agentivenouns），以代替动词Seagullsareexcellentflyers.海鸥善于飞行。名词优势造成介词优势Coming!”Awaysheskimmedoverthelawn,upthepath,upthesteps,acrosstheverandah,andintotheporch.“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。用形容词表达动词的意义Manyinvestorsarestillfearfuloftheever-changinglocalpolicies.许多投资商对当地多变的政策仍怀有戒心。 FeaturesofChineseasaDynamicLanguage动词（词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。Theadoptionofthisnewdevicewillgreatlycutdownthepercentageofdefectiveproducts.动词连用是汉语常见的现象我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账吧。Letmegoandaskthemtosendanaccountantheretohelpyouwithyouraccounts.汉语动词常常重复或重叠说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。Talkingandlaughing,runningandjumping,thechildrenhadagoodtime. Practice1.这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位。Whatarethesepeopleafter?Theyareafterfameandposition.2.他曾积极促进中东和平进程。HewasanactivepromoteroftheMiddleEastpeaceprocess.3.如果你能陪我一块儿去，我一定很高兴。OfcourseIshallbegladofyourcompanyonthejourney.4.尽管政府出台了许多鼓励消费的政策，他们中的大部分人都不太愿意花钱。Althoughthegovernmenthasformulatedpoliciestostimulateconsumption,mostofthemarereluctantspenders. DifferenceBetweenComparativeStudyandContrastiveStudyComparativeStudylaysemphasisonthesimilaritiesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthediachronicmethodofresearch.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。ContrastiveStudylaysemphasisonthedifferencesbetweenlanguagesandappliesthesynchronicmethodofresearch.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。 Pleasetranslatethefollowing:人到齐就开会。Themeetingwillbeginwhenallarehere.不要人云亦云。Don’tsaywhatothershavesaid.帐单撕碎了。Thebillwastorntopieces.问题解决了。Theproblemwassolved. Pleasetranslatethefollowing:你再说一个字，我马上走。Ifyoushouldsayonemoreword,Iwouldgoatonce.你死了，我去当和尚。Ifyoushoulddie,Iwouldgoandbeamonk. 不要人云亦云。帐单撕碎了。你再说一个字，我马上走。Don’tsaywhatothershavesaid.Thebillwastorntopieces.Ifyoushouldsayonemoreword,Iwouldgoatonce.问题解决了。你死了，我去当和尚。Ifyoushoulddie,Iwouldgoandbeamonk.Theproblemwassolved.Tense（时态）Voice（语态）Mood（语气）人到齐就开会。Themeetingwillbeginwhenallarehere. Lackinginflectioninthestrictsense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们我的爸爸、你的妈妈认真的态度、认真地学习Retainingsomeinflections保留一些形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）:degreeChineseEnglish 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Sicknesscomeslikeanavalanche,butgoeslikereelingsilk.Thepositionwillnotbegivenupsolongaswearestillliving.人在阵地在。人无远虑，必有近忧。他人老心不老。Althoughhehasagedphysically,heremainsyoungatheart.Ifonehasnolong-termconsiderations,hewillfindtroubleathisdoorstep.我来他已去。HehadleftwhenIarrived.(Condition条件)(Contrast,Opposition对照、转折)(TimeOrder时间先后)(Concession让步) ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意) Chinese:left-extending, heavy-headedlikealion树一棵树一棵大树一棵枝繁叶茂的大树校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树上海商学院校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树中山西路上海商学院校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树…… English:right-extending heavy-tailedlikeapeacockThisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemalt.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethemaltthatlayinthehousethatwasbuiltbyJack.… ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending, heavy-headedlikealion狮子型语言EnglishEnglish:right-extending heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型语言 English:fixedpointofsight（视点固定）“我会揍你的。”“不，你不会。”“是的，我会的。”“不，你不会的。”“我会的。”“你不会的。”“会！”“不会！”“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!” “Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！Chinese:movingpointofsight（视点流动） 我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！“Icanlickyou.”“No,youcan’t.”“Yes,Ican.”“No,youcan’t.”“Ican.”“youcan’t.”“Can!”“Can’t!”Pleasecompare: cancancancancan’tcan’tcan’tcan’t揍敢试瞧怕逃 Pleasecompare:“Tomdidn’tgotoschooltoday,didhe?”askedthemother.“No,hedidn’t,”Marysaid.“汤姆今天没去上学，是吗？”母亲问。“不，他没去。”玛丽说。“是的，他没去。”玛丽说。 ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（视点流动）Englishfixedpointofsight（视点固定） Chinese:bamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式结构）从前这里有一个小村庄，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。Onceuponatime,therewasasmallvillagehere.Thevillagehadtenhouseholds.Thetenhouseholdsalllivedonfishingandfarming.Thelifewashard,butverypeaceful.Onceuponatime,therewasasmallvillagehere.Thevillagehadtenhouseholdswhoalllivedonfishingandfarming.Theirlifewashard,butverypeaceful. Chinese:bamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式结构）ThechunksofaChinesesentenceseemtobeconnectedandyetseparated,likesectionsofabamboolinkedbythejointsandyetrelativelyindependentandself-contained. Chinese:wave-likesentencestructure（波式结构）开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。AtfirstMotherandIwouldn’tletFathersmoke.After()contractedthefataldisease,()thoughtdifferently.()Just()smoke,()buythebestcigarettes,()smokewhenever()likedto.AtfirstMotherandIwouldn’tletFathersmoke.After(Father)contractedthefataldisease,(we)thoughtdifferently.(Wewould)Just(lethim)smoke,(andwewould)buythebestcigarettes,(andlethim)smokewhenever(he)likedto. Rhythmicspeechorwritingislikewavesofthesea,movingonwardwithalternatingriseandfall,connectedyetseparated,likebutdifferent,suggestiveofsomelaw,toocomplexforanalysisorstatement,controllingtherelationsbetweenwaveandwave,wavesandsea,phraseandphrase,phrasesandspeech.H.W.Fowler(1858–1933):节奏感强的语言或文字（指汉语），浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不相同；隐含着某些规律，但却过于复杂，难以分析或表述；这些规律规范着波浪与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、词组与语段之间的各种关系。 English:tree-likesentencestructure（树式结构）Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead.--JimmyCarterBranchesandsub-branches:AdverbialsandattributesTrunkline:S+V+(O)Asanationofgiftedpeoplewhocompriseaboutone-fourthofthetotalpopulationoftheearth,Chinaplaysinworldaffairsarolethatcanonlygrowmoreimportantintheyearsahead.--JimmyCarter ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式结构）withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure（树式结构）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunkline 翻译欢迎光临AnotherMajorDifferenceLookatthesentencestructuresofthetwolanguagesfromanotherperspective. Lookatthesentencestructuresofthetwolanguagesfromanotherperspective:我的小孙子他很调皮。Mylittlegrandsonisverynaughty.那所房子你们早该修了。Youshouldhaverepairedthehouse.英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。ItisbynomeanseasytolearntheEnglishlanguage.上海举办2010世博会，我看一定会成功。IthinkthatitwillbecertainlysuccessfulforShanghaitohostthe2010WorldExposition. Comparethesentencestructuresofthetwolanguages:我的小孙子他很调皮。那所房子你们早该修了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。上海举办2010世博会，我看一定会成功。Mylittlegrandsonisverynaughty.Youshouldhaverepairedthehouse.ItisbynomeanseasytolearntheEnglishlanguage.IthinkthatitwillbecertainlysuccessfulforShanghaitohostthe2010WorldExposition.ChineseStructure:Topic-Comment话题-评论EnglishStructure:Subject-Predicate主语-谓语 ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseTopic-CommentSentenceStructure（话题-评论结构）EnglishSubject-PredicateSentenceStructure（主语-谓语结构）Topic-prominentLanguage话题突出型语言Subject-prominentLanguage主语突出型语言 ChineseOrderofLinguisticElements汉语语序（1）Relativelyfixed（相对固定）Orderoftime（时间先后顺序）Words:古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死Idioms:冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静Phrases:进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书Sentences:我们在美国读书的时候，结识了一位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐…… ChineseOrderofLinguisticElements汉语语序（2）Orderofspace（空间大小顺序）Words:大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦Idioms:大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今Addresses:中国上海奉贤区奉浦大道123号Sentences:一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔…… ChineseOrderofLinguisticElements汉语语序（3）Orderofimportance（重轻顺序）Words:天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱Idioms:国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天Phrases:红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制的红圆桌Sentences:我用这把刀切肉。这把刀我用来切肉。切肉我用这把刀。 ChineseOrderofLinguisticElements汉语语序（4）Orderoflogic（逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果）志同道合，友谊才会持久。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。天下雨，运动会延期了。他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。 EnglishOrderofLinguisticElements英语语序Relativelyflexibleorder（语序相对灵活）resultingfromtheuseofinflectionsandconnectivestheRussianpeople,thepeopleofRussia,thepeoplelivinginRussia,thepeoplewholiveinRussiaanimportanteventaneventofimportancePhrases: EnglishOrderofLinguisticElements英语语序志同道合，友谊才会持久。Friendshipwilllastonlyifitisbasedonacommongoal.Onlyiffriendshipisbasedonacommongoal,itwilllast.天下雨，运动会延期了。Thesportsmeetwaspostponedbecauseofrain.Becauseofrain,thesportsmeetwaspostponed.Relativelyflexibleorder（语序相对灵活）resultingfromtheuseofflectionsandconnectivesSentences: Pleasecompare:我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。WesawmanysignsofoccupationwhilestrollingalongastreetpastamajorconcentrationofthehutsnotfarawayfromtheCentralAvenue.PayattentiontoChineseorderoftimeandspace.我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。 ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）（语序相对固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（积木）（语序相对灵活） ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseMeaning-focusedwithemphasisonimplicitcoherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形)EnglishForm-focusedwithemphasisonexplicitcohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意) ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseChinese:left-extending, heavy-headedlikealion狮子型语言EnglishEnglish:right-extending heavy-tailedlikeapeacock孔雀型语言 ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesemovingpointofsight（视点流动）Englishfixedpointofsight（视点固定） ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChinesebamboo-likesentencestructure（竹式结构）withdifferentsectionslinkedandyetseparatedEnglishtree-likesentencestructure（树式结构）withdifferentpartsconnectedlikebranchesandsub-branchestothetrunkline ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseTopic-CommentSentenceStructure（话题-评论结构）EnglishSubject-PredicateSentenceStructure（主语-谓语结构）Topic-prominentLanguage话题突出型语言Subject-prominentLanguage主语突出型语言 ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseChineseOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyfixedlikebamboo-making（制竹）（语序相对固定）EnglishOrderoflinguisticelements:relativelyflexiblelikeblock-building（积木）（语序相对灵活） PartThreeContrastandTranslation对比与翻译Enlightenmentontranslationfromthecontrastbetweenthetwolanguages从两种语言的对比中获得的有关翻译的启示 ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseAstonishmentandevenhorroroppressedhim.Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.Thesightofthebigtreealwaysremindsmeofmychildhood.他很难受，感到惊讶甚至恐惧。我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。我一看到那棵大树就想起了童年的情景。Difference1English:Impersonal(物称)Chinese:Personal(人称) ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheyarepaidforthis.Thedifficultieshavebeenovercome,andtheproblemsolved.TabletennisisplayedalloverChina.Whyshouldalltheseunpleasantjobsbepushedontome?他们拿钱就是干这事的。（他们干这事是有偿的。）困难克服了，问题也解决了。乒乓球运动风靡全中国。为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？Difference2English:Passive(被动)Chinese:Active(主动) ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseIfyouhaveanyproblems,sheisagoodlistener.Thereisacryingneedforanewremedy.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal.如果你有麻烦事，她会倾听你诉说。现在急需想出新法子来补救。要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。Difference3English:Static(静态)Chinese:Dynamic(动态) ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseItisadvisedthatthemanwhowasseentotakeanumbrellafromthelecturetheatrelastSundayputitbackifhedoesnotwishtogetintotrouble.上星期日有人看到某人在演讲厅取走雨伞一把，取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，劝他还是将伞放回原处为好。Difference4English:？Chinese:？ ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese2.Theimageoftherollingwatercarryingthemanandhiscarawayinaninstantisstillimprintedonmymind.顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水连人带车一古脑儿都给冲走了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。Difference4English:Complex(繁复)Chinese:Simple(简明) ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseLiKuangwasouthuntingonetimewhenhespiedarockinthegrasswhichhemistookforatiger.Heshotanarrowattherockandhititwithsuchforcethatthetipofthearrowembeddeditselfintherock.Later,whenhediscoveredthatitwasarock,hetriedshootingatitagain,buthewasunabletopierceitasecondtime.BurtonWatson广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。《史记》Difference4English:Complex(繁复)Chinese:Simple(简明) ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseTheydiscussedgreatnessandexcellence.Theireccentricityoftenmakesyoufrown.Westeppedontothemysteriouslandwithcautionanduneasiness.他他们探讨了伟大和优秀的涵义。他们的古怪行为常常令人皱眉。我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土。Difference5English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具体） chaosstabilityjealousyflexibilitydecisivenesslightheartedness混乱状态稳定局面妒忌心理灵活姿态果断作风轻松心情Difference5English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具体）Addingcategorywords(范畴词) Howtomakeabstractideasconcrete?1.Byaddingcategorywordschaosstabilityjealousyflexibilitydecisivenesslightheartedness混乱状态稳定局面妒忌心理灵活姿态果断作风轻松心情 Howtomakeabstractideasconcrete?2.ByusingfiguresofspeechIftheyhadnoexactwordforanabstraction,theChineseusedtheconcreteword,orwords,thatcamenearesttotheidea.Theyformedthehabitofexpressingideasbymetaphors,similes,andallegories.RudolfFlesch(1946) ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHewaitedforherarrivalwithafrenziedagitation.Theywalkedallthewaytothecityinastateofalmostutterdestitution.Theirspeechesaremereimpertinence.他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。他们一路步行到这个城市，几乎身无分文。他们的发言只是些风马牛不相及的胡扯。Difference5English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具体） Howtomakeabstractideasconcrete?2.ByusingfiguresofspeechArdentloyalty赤胆忠心Totalexhaustion筋疲力尽Withgreateagerness如饥似渴Feedonfancies画饼充饥 ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseIfyoudon’tseeit,youwon’tbelieve,butonceyoudo,you’llmakeupyourmind.2.AsTomhasfailedtocomeduetohissuddenillness,wehavetoaskyoutotakehisplace.不看不相信，一看铁了心。（比较：如果不看，你不会相信，一旦看了，你就会下决心。）汤姆突然病了，没能来，我们只好请你顶他。（比较：因为汤姆突然病了，所以他没能来，因而我们只好请你顶他。）Difference6English:Hypotactic(形合)Chinese:Paratactic(意合)Explicitcohesion（显性联接）Implicitcoherence（隐性连贯） ContrastBetweenEnglishandChineseHeisasmart,eloquent,uprightandwell-informedlawyer.2.Shewasanintelligent,attractiveandsomewhattemperamentaldaughterofawell-to-dodoctor.他是一位律师，脑子灵，口才好，为人正直，见多识广。他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、正直，而且有见识。她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾气，是一个家道小康的医生的女儿。Difference7English:plainandChinese:rhythmicandfactualsymmetrical（讲平实）（重韵律） ContrastBetweenEnglishandChinese1.Heisabout40,intheveryprimeoflife.他四十左右，正年富力强。Heisabout20,youngandvigorous.他二十上下，年轻力壮。复旦大学英才辈出，名闻遐迩。FudanUniversity,whichhasbroughtupamultitudeofoutstandingpeople,isknownfarandwide.3.Theonlookerseesmostofthegame.观众看比赛看得更清楚。（当局者迷，旁观者清。）4.Incalamity,oneseesthetruefriendship.在患难中，人们才能看到真正的友情。（疾风知劲草，患难见真情。) English英语Chinese汉语Form-focused形态型Meaning-focused语义型Right-extending孔雀型Left-extending狮子型Sight-fixed视点固定Sight-moving视点流动Tree-like树型结构Bamboo-like竹型结构Subject-prominent主语突出Topic-prominent主题突出Order-flexible语序相对灵活Order-fixed语序相对固定英汉语言对比 English英语Chinese汉语Impersonal物称Personal人称Passive被动Active主动Static静态Dynamic动态Complex繁复Simple简单Abstract抽象Concrete具体Hypotactic形合Paratactic意合Plainandfactual平实Rhythmicandsymmetrical韵律英汉语言对比 Don’tyouthinkyoucandotranslationbetterwhenyouknowthedifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages?你是否从语言比较中获得有关翻译的启示？ Conclusion结论ContrastiveanalysisfacilitatesFLlearningandtranslating.对比分析有助于外语学习与翻译。 Thankyou! Pleasetranslatethefollowingsentences:Notonlypolitenessbutanattitudeofreverenceisdemandedinchurch.在教堂里不仅要有礼貌，而且要有一种虔诚的态度。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.人不犯我，我不犯人。Itneveroccurredtomethatshewassodishonest.我从来也没有想到她竟这么不老实。Myignorancehasmadeafoolofmyself.我孤陋寡闻，出洋相了。 Pleasetranslatethefollowingsentences:Howeverslyafoxmaybe,itisnomatchforagoodhunter.狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。Hehasanunpleasanthabitofexpressingcontradictoryideasinrapidsuccession.她有个不讨人喜欢的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾。Hisfrequentinterferenceinotherpeople’sprivateaffairsisveryannoying.他常常干与别人的私事，真恼人。Ifhedoesnotcomehere,Iwon’tgothere.他不来，我就不去。Aslightdiscrepancyleadstoagreaterror.差之毫厘，谬以千里。 Pleasetranslatethefollowingsentences:InAfrica,Imetaboy,whowascryingbitterlyasifhisheartwouldbreak,andsaid,whenIspoketohim,thathewasveryhungry,becausehehadhadnofoodfortwodays.在非洲我曾经遇到过一个男孩，他痛哭流涕，很伤心。我问问他，他说他已经两天没吃东西，肚子饿极了。Whattheywantedmostwasanendofuncertainties.他们最渴望的是结束这种摇摆不定的局面。Thebestsolutiontotheproblemistoconductinvestigation.解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。
