商务知识导读课件董晓波 ISBN9787566309365 PPTUnit 7 Management.ppt

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1、Unit7ManagementTextWords&ExpressionsNotesExercisesSupplementaryReadingWords&ExpressionsNotesTextManagementDefined导读：本文系统界定了管理的概念，即管理是与他人合作，在不断变化的环境中实现组织目标的过程。这个定义有五个部分需要仔细研究，即：（1）与他人合作，（2）组织的目标，（3）有效性与效率，（4）有限的资源，（5）不断变化的环境。Managementistheprocessofworkingwithandthroughotherstoachieveorganizat

2、ionalobjectivesinachangingenvironment.Centraltothisprocessistheeffectiveandefficientuseoflimitedresources.Fivepartsofthisdefinitionrequirecloserexamination,(1)workingwithandthroughothers,(2)organizationalobjectives,(3)effectivenessversusefficiency,(4)limitedresources,and(5)changingenvironment

3、.WorkingwithandthroughothersManagementisasocialprocess.Forwhatevercollectivepurposethatindividualsarebroughttogether,managersareresponsibleforgettingthingsdonebyworkingwithandthroughothers.OrganizationalobjectivesAnobjectiveisatargettobestrivedforand,onehopes,attained.Organizations,likeindivi

4、duals,areusuallymoresuccessfulwhentheiractivitiesareguidedbychallenging,yetachievable,objectives.Althoughpersonalobjectivesaretypicallywithinthereachofindividualeffort,organizationalobjectivesrequirejointorcollectiveaction.Organizationalobjectivesalsoservelaterasmeasuringsticksforperformance.

5、EffectivenessversusefficiencyEffectivenessentailsachievingastatedobjective.Butgiventherealityoflimitedresources,effectivenessaloneisnotenough.Efficiencyentersthepicturewhentheresourcesrequiredtoachieveanobjectiveareweighedagainstwhatwasactuallyaccomplished.Themorefavorabletheratioofbenefitsto

6、costs,thegreatertheefficiency.LimitedresourcesWeliveinaworldofscarcity.Thosewhoareconcernedwithsuchmattersareworriednotonlyaboutrunningoutofnonrenewableenergyandmaterialresourcesbutalsoaboutthelopsideduseofthoseresources.Becauseofacommonfocusonresources,thereisacloserelationshipbetweeneconomi

7、csandmanagement.Managementcouldbecalled“appliedeconomics”.ChangingenvironmentMoreandmore,theworldischaracterizedbyrapidchange.Managersfacethedifficulttaskofpreparingforandadaptingtochangeratherthanbeingpassivelysweptalongbyit.Therearefivemajo