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1、Unit7ManagementTextWords&ExpressionsNotesExercisesSupplementaryReadingWords&ExpressionsNotesTextManagementDefined导读:本文系统界定了管理的概念,即管理是与他人合作,在不断变化的环境中实现组织目标的过程。这个定义有五个部分需要仔细研究,即:(1)与他人合作,(2)组织的目标,(3)有效性与效率,(4)有限的资源,(5)不断变化的环境。Managementistheprocessofworkingwithandthroughotherstoachieveorganizat
2、ionalobjectivesinachangingenvironment.Centraltothisprocessistheeffectiveandefficientuseoflimitedresources.Fivepartsofthisdefinitionrequirecloserexamination,(1)workingwithandthroughothers,(2)organizationalobjectives,(3)effectivenessversusefficiency,(4)limitedresources,and(5)changingenvironment
3、.WorkingwithandthroughothersManagementisasocialprocess.Forwhatevercollectivepurposethatindividualsarebroughttogether,managersareresponsibleforgettingthingsdonebyworkingwithandthroughothers.OrganizationalobjectivesAnobjectiveisatargettobestrivedforand,onehopes,attained.Organizations,likeindivi
4、duals,areusuallymoresuccessfulwhentheiractivitiesareguidedbychallenging,yetachievable,objectives.Althoughpersonalobjectivesaretypicallywithinthereachofindividualeffort,organizationalobjectivesrequirejointorcollectiveaction.Organizationalobjectivesalsoservelaterasmeasuringsticksforperformance.
5、EffectivenessversusefficiencyEffectivenessentailsachievingastatedobjective.Butgiventherealityoflimitedresources,effectivenessaloneisnotenough.Efficiencyentersthepicturewhentheresourcesrequiredtoachieveanobjectiveareweighedagainstwhatwasactuallyaccomplished.Themorefavorabletheratioofbenefitsto
6、costs,thegreatertheefficiency.LimitedresourcesWeliveinaworldofscarcity.Thosewhoareconcernedwithsuchmattersareworriednotonlyaboutrunningoutofnonrenewableenergyandmaterialresourcesbutalsoaboutthelopsideduseofthoseresources.Becauseofacommonfocusonresources,thereisacloserelationshipbetweeneconomi
7、csandmanagement.Managementcouldbecalled“appliedeconomics”.ChangingenvironmentMoreandmore,theworldischaracterizedbyrapidchange.Managersfacethedifficulttaskofpreparingforandadaptingtochangeratherthanbeingpassivelysweptalongbyit.Therearefivemajo
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