在拉丁美洲的创新集群【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文InnovationclustersinLatinAmericaIsabelBortagaray.InnovationClustersinlatinAmerica[D].University,MontevideoUruguay.2005.AbstractInnovationclustersarecriticalforindustrialandeconomicdevelopmentinLatinAmerica.Theyaregroupsoffirms,researchcentreandinvestorswhic

2、hworktogetherinclosephysicalproximitytocreatenewtechnologies,productsandenterprises.Theyworkoninvisiblenetworksofrelationshipsincomplexsocialsettingswherecollectiveindustrialactivityisbasedonknowledgeandlearning.Aliteraturesurvey,electronicconference,workshopandf

3、ieldinvestigationsinsixcountriescarriedoutbytheInternationalDevelopmentResearchCentreallowedustocreateamodelofinnovationclusterswhichisusefulforguidingresearchandpublicpolicyinterventioninLatinAmerica.Themodelstressestheroleofintangiblefactorslikecommunicationand

4、cultureasbeingequallyimportanttotangibleslikelocalmarketsandspecializedinfrastructure.Preliminarydatagatheredfromtheliteratureandourfieldstudiestentativelyshowedtherearenomatureinnovationclusters,butasignificantnumberofprotoclusterswithpotentialtoemerge.Typically

5、missingare:riskequityfinance;readyaccesstomarkets;integrationofthestakeholders.Typically,publicawarenessaboutinnovationandentrepreneurship,andbroadsupportfromsocialandculturalvaluesarenotstrong,andinsomecaseslimitthepotentialdevelopmentoftheseemergingclusters.How

6、ever,thereareinstanceswherecommunityawarenessandorganizedwilltocreateinnovationclustersisverystrong–andstartingtogetresults,forexampleinSanJoseCostaRica,CuritibaBrazilandPortoAlegreBrazil.KeyWords：Innovationclusters；technology-intensiveindustry；innovationAninnova

7、tionclusterisanorganizationalstructurethatcreatesnewproductsandenterprisesbymeansofcollectiveindustrialproductionwithinrestrictedgeographicalboundaries,basedonhighconcentrationsofknowledgeexchange,interactivelearningandsharedsocialvalues.Itmustbestressedthataninn

8、ovationclusterisnotsomethingthatcanbeeasilyseenortouched;thephysicalcomponentsworktogetherwithinvisibleinformationexchangenetworks,orcommunitiesofpeoplewithsha