创新区域集群和milieux【外文翻译】

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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：InnovativeRegions,ClustersandMilieux出处：InnovationSystemFrontiersAdvancesinSpatialScience,2009,33-58作者：BrianWixted原文：3.3TheGeographyofAgglomerationComparinghow(sub-national)regionalstrengthsevolveacrosstimehasbeen,verydifficultuntilquiterecently,incomparisontoanalysingnationaldevelo

2、pmenttrendsduetodatalimitations.Thereisagrowingopportunityforimprovedanalysisofregionalactivities,advantagesandtrendsasnationalstatisticalagenciesfocusmoreoftheireffortoncollectingdataatvariousspatialscales.AcrosstheEuropeanUnion,thereismulti-countrystructuralpatternofunevenregionaldevelopment.Co

3、mbesandOverman(2003)identifyastrongpatternofcoreandperiphery5regions.Whenanalysedfortheirproximitytomarkets(GDPpercapita),regionsinWesternGermany,NorthernFranceandSouthEastEnglandarerevealedastheconcentratedzoneofvalueadded(GDP)forEurope.TheauthorsrevealthatbeyondthiscorethereisagraduateddropinGD

4、Ppercapitaasdistanceincreases.IntheseEUeconomies,regionalincomeconvergedbetweencountriesintheperiod1980to1999,butregionalincomedisparitieswithincountrieswidened(seeLeGalloandDall’erba2003).Interestingly,thedegreeofindustryconcentrationintheUSA(atstatelevel)andEurope’sregions6isnotsignificantlydif

5、ferent,butinEurope,thetrendhasbeentowardsgreaterregionalconcentrationmorerapidlythanintheUSA(seeAndaluzetal.2002).Theunderlyingdriversofsuchtrendsarestillhotlydebated.Therearemanyargumentsfortheeconomicsignificanceofregionalconcentrationsbutoneofthemoreimportantonesisthatknowledgegenerationisspat

6、iallyagglomeratedandknowledgediffusespoorlyacrossdistance(seethenextsectionontheoriesofproximity).Thecumulativenatureofknowledge(exploredinChap.2)andthelinkbetweenthegenerationofknowledgeandtheabilitytobenefiteconomicallyislikelytobeonesetofcharacteristicsthatcontributetounevendevelopment.3.3.1Kn

7、owledgeandInnovationGeographyGDP,nottheonlycharacteristicofeconomiesthatishighlyagglomerated,patentingactivityisaswell.Eurostat(2002)hasanalysedthegeographicdispersionofpatentapplicationsfortheEU15groupofcountriesacros