创新区域集群和Milieux【外文翻译】

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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：InnovativeRegions,ClustersandMilieux出处：InnovationSystemFrontiersAdvancesinSpatialScience,2009,33-58作者：BrianWixted原文：3.3TheGeographyofAgglomerationComparinghow(sub-national)regionalstrengthsevolveacrosstimehasbeen,verydifficultuntilquiterecently,incomparisontoanalysingnationaldeve

2、lopmenttrendsduetodatalimitations.Thereisagrowingopportunityforimprovedanalysisofregionalactivities,advantagesandtrendsasnationalstatisticalagenciesfocusmoreoftheireffortoncollectingdataatvariousspatialscales.AcrosstheEuropeanUnion,thereismulti-countrystructuralpatternofunevenregionaldevelopmen

3、t.CombesandOverman(2003)identifyastrongpatternofcoreandperiphery5regions.Whenanalysedfortheirproximitytomarkets(GDPpercapita),regionsinWesternGermany,NorthernFranceandSouthEastEnglandarerevealedastheconcentratedzoneofvalueadded(GDP)forEurope.Theauthorsrevealthatbeyondthiscorethereisagraduateddr

4、opinGDPpercapitaasdistanceincreases.IntheseEUeconomies,regionalincomeconvergedbetweencountriesintheperiod1980to1999,butregionalincomedisparitieswithincountrieswidened(seeLeGalloandDall’erba2003).Interestingly,thedegreeofindustryconcentrationintheUSA(atstatelevel)andEurope’sregions6isnotsignific

5、antlydifferent,butinEurope,thetrendhasbeentowardsgreaterregionalconcentrationmorerapidlythanintheUSA(seeAndaluzetal.2002).Theunderlyingdriversofsuchtrendsarestillhotlydebated.Therearemanyargumentsfortheeconomicsignificanceofregionalconcentrationsbutoneofthemoreimportantonesisthatknowledgegenera

6、tionisspatiallyagglomeratedandknowledgediffusespoorlyacrossdistance(seethenextsectionontheoriesofproximity).Thecumulativenatureofknowledge(exploredinChap.2)andthelinkbetweenthegenerationofknowledgeandtheabilitytobenefiteconomicallyislikelytobeonesetofcharacteristicsthatcontributetounevendevelop

7、ment.3.3.1KnowledgeandInnovationGeographyGDP,nottheonlycharacteristicofeconomiesthatishighlyagglomerated,patentingactivityisaswell.Eurostat(2002)hasanalysedthegeographicdispersionofpatentapplicationsfortheEU15groupofcountriesacros