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1、外文翻译原文THEORGANIZATIONOFREGIONALCLUSTERSMaterialSource:AcademyofManagementReviewAuthor:SimonJ.BellPaulTraceyJanB.HeideWeintroduceamodelofinterorganizationalgovernancewithinregionalclusters.Drawingonthe“newinstitutionaleconomics”literature,weshowhowfirms’governancedesign
2、sareshapedbytherelationshipbetweentransaction-levelcharacteristicsandtheclustermacroculture.Wethenconsiderhowsubsequenttransaction-levelgovernancedesignsareaffectedbypathdependenciesfrompastgovernancechoices.Finally,wesuggestthatintertransactionalpathdependenciesexhibi
3、tdirectionalasymmetries,andwedrawimplicationsfortheliteratureonclusters,ontransactioncosts,andoninterorganizationalrelationshipsResearchershaveincreasinglypaidattentiontoaparticulartypeofinterorganizationalprocess—namely,thegeographicalclusteringoffirms(e.g.,Mesquita,2
4、007;Saxenian,1994;Tallman,Jenkins,Henry,&Pinch,2004).Theirworkhasshownthat,inadditiontothepassivecollectiveefficienciesthatmayaccruetocolocatedfirms(e.g.,reducedtransportationcosts,specializedpoolsoflaborfromwhichtodraw,improvedaccesstosuppliers),clusteredfirmsmayalsob
5、enefitfromactivecollectiveefficiencies(e.g.,improvedaccesstoknowledgeandotherintangibleresources)throughcollaborationwithotherclustermembers,aprocessthatSchmitzandNadvi(1999:1504)call“theconsciouspursuitofjointaction.”Whilethisliteraturehasmadesignificantprogressinconc
6、eptualizingclusterdynamics,somekeyquestionsaboutclusterorganizationremainunanswered.Specifically,whilepastresearchhasmadeastrongcasefortheimportanceofdeliberateinterorganizationaleffortsamongclusteredfirms,authorshavegenerallylimitedtheirattentiontoasingledesign:arelat
7、ionalmodelofgovernancebasedonimplicitrulesandunderstandings.Infact,relationalinteractionpatternsarefrequentlyassumedtobeinherentelementsofsuccessfulclusters.Forexample,7PowellandSmith-Doerr(1994)discussclustersasgenericmanifestationsofsuchgovernanceformsandgosofarastoa
8、ttributeclusterperformancetotheprevalenceofrelationalgovernancepractices.Therearetwopotentialproblemswiththisapproach