外文翻译--港口集群治理

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1、GovernanceInSeaportClustersPeterW.deErlangen1.IntroductionApartfromwell-knownphysicalfactorssuchasthelocation,maritimeaccessibilityandhinterlandinfrastructure,thegovernanceofseaportsisanimportantdeterminantoftheirperformance.Ananalysisofthegovernanceofseaportshasmostlybeenlimitedtotheroleoft

2、heportauthority.Notwithstandingthecentralroleofportauthoritiesinports,wearguethatananalysisofgovernanceinseaportsrequiresattentionfortheroleof(private)firms.Institutionaleconomicliteratureoffersausefulframeworkforanalysingadvantagesanddisadvantagesofalternativegovernancemechanismsandprovides

3、abasisforanalysingtherolesofportauthorities.InthispaperwedealwiththeissueofclustergovernanceinseaportsandillustrateourapproachwithananalysisoftheportofRotterdam..First,webrieflydiscussthetheoreticalfoundationsoftheclustergovernanceconcept.Second,wediscusstheroleofportauthoritiesinthegovernan

4、ceofseaports.Third,wepresentempiricalresultsofasurveyamong43clusterexpertsinRotterdamonthegovernanceofRotterdam’sportcluster.Wefeminalitythepaperwithconclusions.2.TheQualityOfClusterGovernanceWedefineclustergovernanceas‘themixofandrelationsbetweenvariousmechanismsofcoordinationusedinacluster

5、’.Thequalityofthegovernancediffersbetweenclusters.Thequalitydependsonthelevelofcoordinationcostsandthe‘scope’of‘coordinationbeyondprice’.Lowcoordinationcostsandmuchcoordinationbeyondpriceimprovethequalityofgovernance.Whenthebenefitsofcoordinationaredistributedunequally,when(thethreatof)oppor

6、tunisticbehaviourpreventscoordinationorwhenbenefitsofcoordinationareuncertain,coordinationbeyondpricedoesnotarisespontaneouslyorinstantaneously,evenwhenbenefitsofcoordinationexceedcosts.Thereforethereisingeneralashortageofcoordinationbeyondprice.Morecoordinationbeyondpriceimprovesthequalityo

7、fthegovernanceofclusters.2.1TrustInclusterswheretheleveloftrustishigh,(average)transactioncostsarerelativelylow,becauseoflowcoststospecifycontractsandlowmonitoringcosts.Furthermore,costsofcoordinationbeyondpricearelowerandasaconsequence,morecoordin