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1、外文翻译原文InternationaltradeandindustrialupgradingintheapparelcommoditychainMaterialSource:DepartmentofSociology,DukeUniversity,Durham,NC27708-0088,USAAuthor:GaryGereffiGlobalizationhasalteredthecompetitivedynamicsofnations,firms,andindustries.Thisismostclearlyseeninchangingp
2、atternsofinternationaltrade,wheretheexplosivegrowthofimportsindevelopedcountriesindicatesthatthecenterofgravityfortheproductionandexportofmanymanufactureshasmovedtoaneverexpandingarrayofnewlyindustrializingeconomies(NIEs)intheThirdWorld.Thisshiftiscentraltothe‘EastAsianmi
3、racle,’whichreferstothehandfulofhigh-performingAsianeconomiesthathaveattainedloftypercapitagrowthrates,relativelyhigheducationalattainment,recordlevelsofdomesticsavingandinvestment,andboomingexportsfromthe1960stothemid-1990s(WorldBank,1993).Regardlessofwhetherthegrowthisd
4、uetoproductivitygainsortocapitalaccumulation(Krugman,1994;Young,1994,1995),theireconomicachievementislargelyattributedtotheadoptionofexport-orientedindustrializationastheregion’smaindevelopmentstrategy.ThisviewofinternationaltradeasthefulcrumforsustainedeconomicgrowthinEa
5、stAsia,whileunassailableinitsmacroeconomicbasics,nonethelessleavesanumberofcriticalquestionsunansweredintermsofthemicroinstitutionalfoundationssupportingEastAsiandevelopment.WhywereJapanandtheEastAsianNIES(SouthKorea,Taiwan,HongKongandSingapore)sosuccessfulinexportingtodi
6、stantWesternmarkets,giventheformidablespatialandculturaldistancesthathadtobebridged?HowweretheseEastAsiannationsabletosustaintheirhighratesofexport-orientedgrowthoverthreetofourdecades,inthefaceofavarietyofadverseeconomicfactorssuchasoilpricehikes,risingwagerates,laborsho
7、rtages,currencyappreciations,aglobalrecession,andspreadingprotectionismintheirmajorexportmarkets?Underwhatconditionscantradebasedgrowthbecomeavehicleforgenuineindustrialupgrading,giventhefrequentcriticismsmadeoflow-wage,low-skill,assembly-orientedexportactivities?DoAsia’s
8、accomplishmentsintrade-ledindustrializationcontainsignificantlessonsforotherregionsoftheworld?Th
