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1、外文原文：UpgradinginGlobalValueChainsTheaimofthispaperistoexplorehowsmall-andmedium-sizedLatinAmericanenterprises(SMEs)mayparticipateinglobalmarketsinawaythatprovidesforsustainablegrowth.Thismaybedefinedasthe“highroad”tocompetitiveness,contrastingwiththe“lowroad，”ty
2、picaloffirmsfromdevelopingcountries,whichoftencompetebysqueezingwagesandprofitmarginsratherthanbyimprovingproductivity,wages,andprofits.Thekeydifferencebetweenthehighandthelowroadtocompetitivenessisoftenexplainedbythedifferentcapabilitiesoffirmsto“upgrade.，Inthi
3、spaper,upgradingreferstothecapacityofafirmtoinnovatetoincreasethevalueaddedofitsproductsandprocesses(Humphrey&Schmitz,2002a;Kaplinsky&Readman,2001;Porter,1990).CapitalizingononeofthemostproductiveareasoftherecentliteratureonSMEs,werestrictourfieldofresearchtosma
4、llenterpriseslocatedinclusters.Thereisnowawealthofempiricalevidence(Humphrey,1995;Nadvi&Schmitz,1999;Rabellotti，1997)showingthatsmallfirmsinclusters,bothindevelopedanddevelopingcountries,areabletoovercomesomeofthemajorconstraintstheyusuallyface:lackofspecialized
5、skills,difficultaccesstotechnology,inputs,market,information,credit,andexternalservices.Nevertheless,theliteratureonclusters,mainlyfocusedonthelocalsourcesofcompetitivenesscomingfromintraclusterverticalandhorizontalrelationshipsgenerating''collectiveefficiency55
6、(Schmitz,1995)，hasoftenneglectedtheincreasingimportanceofexternallinkages.Duetorecentchangesinproductionsystems,distributionchannels,andfinancialmarkets,andtothespreadofinformationtechnologies,enterprisesandclustersareincreasinglyintegratedinvaluechainsthatoften
7、operateacrossmanydifferentcountries.Theliteratureonglobalvaluechains(GVCs)(Gereffi,1999;Gereffi&Kaplinsky,2001)callsattentiontotheopportunitiesforlocalproducerstolearnfromthegloballeadersofthechainsthatmaybebuyersorlproducers.Theinternalgovernanceofthevaluechain
8、hasanimportanteffectonthescopeoflocalfirms，upgrading(Humphrey&Schmitz,2000).Indeed,extensiveevidenceonLatinAmericarevealsthatboththelocalandtheglobaldimensionsmatter,
