国际贸易和产业升级的服装价值链【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文InternationaltradeandindustrialupgradingintheapparelcommoditychainMaterialSource:DepartmentofSociology,DukeUniversity,Durham,NC27708-0088,USAAuthor:GaryGereffi*4.TheevolutionoftheapparelcommoditychaininAsiaIndustrialupgradingwithintheapparelcommoditychaininAsiainvolvestheuseofnetworkstocreat

2、enewsourcesofnationalandregionalcompetitiveadvantage.Wetracethisprocessthroughfourstages:thebuildingoflocallyintegratedmanufacturingandmarketingnetworks,involvingclosetieswithforeignbuyers;theinternationalizationoftheapparelcommoditychaintoencompassnewtiersoflow-costsuppliersinAsia,inresponsetoaco

3、mbinationofsupply-sideconstraintsandexternalpressures;thecoordinationofthesebuyerdrivenchainsthroughdifferenttypesoftradenetworks;andthecompletionorregionalizationoftheapparelcommoditychainwithinAsia.ThisindustrialupgradingcycleinAsiaislocallyrooted,butithasimportantrepercussionsonhowtheapparelind

4、ustryisorganizedinotherregionsoftheworld,suchasNorthAmericaandEurope.4.1.Buildingcommoditychains:OEMandOBMinEastAsiaTheEastAsianNIEsaregenerallytakenasthearchetypeforindustrialupgradingamongdevelopingcountries.Theymadearapidtransitionfromtheinitialassemblyphaseofexportgrowth(typicallyutilizingexpo

5、rt-processingzoneslocatednearmajorports)toamoregeneralizedsystemofincentivesthatappliedtoallexport-orientedfactoriesintheireconomies.ThenextstageforTaiwan,SouthKorea,HongKongandSingaporewasOEMproduction.TheOEMmodelhasthefollowingfeatures:thesupplyingfirmmakesaproductaccordingtothedesignspecifiedby

6、thebuyer;theproductissoldunderthebuyer’sbrandname;thesupplierandbuyerareseparatefirms;andthesupplierlackscontroloverdistribution.EastAsianfirmssoonbecamefull-rangepackagesuppliersforforeignbuyers,andtherebyforgedaninnovativeentrepreneurialcapabilitythatinvolvedthecoordinationofcomplexproduction,tr

7、ade,andfinancialnetworks(Gereffi,1995).TheOEMexportrolehasmanyadvantages.Itenhancestheabilityoflocalentrepreneurstolearnthepreferencesofforeignbuyers,includinginternationalstandardsfortheprice,quality,anddelivery